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1. SQL 语句

• 一个 SQL 语句通常包含了关键字、标识符（字段）、常量和特殊符号等；

SELECT id, name FROM runoob

• 其中：

• SELECT：关键字（命令）；

• id, name：标识符/字段（id 和 name 字段）；

• FROM：关键字（语句，用于设置条件规则等）；

• runoob：标识符（表名）；

2. PostgreSQL 命令

2.1 ABORT 命令

• ABORT 用于退出当前事务；

ABORT [WORK | TRANSACTION]

2.2 ALTER AGGREGATE

• 修改一个聚集函数的定义

ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [, ...]) RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [, ...]) OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [, ...]) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

2.3 ALTER COLLATION

• 修改一个排序规则定义：

ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

2.4 ALTER CONVERSION

• 修改一个编码转换的定义

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner

2.5 ALTER DATABASE

• 修改一个数据库

ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT}
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

2.6 ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES

• 定义默认的访问权限

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
    [ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [, ...] ]
    [ IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] ]
    abbreviated_grant_or_revoke

where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of:

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
    [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON TABLES
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
...

2.7 ALTER DOMAIN

• 修改一个域的定义

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT}
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

2.8 ALTER FUNCTION

• 修改一个函数的定义

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ) OWNER TO new_owner

2.9 ALTER GROUP

• 修改一个用户组

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ...]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ...]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name

2.10 ALTER INDEX

• 修改一个索引的定义

ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

2.11 ALTER LANGUAGE

• 修改一个过程语言的定义

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name

2.12 ALTER OPERATOR

• 改变一个操作符的定义

ALTER OPERATOR name ({lefttype| NONE}, {righttype | NONE})
OWNER TO new_owner

2.13 ALTER OPERATOR CLASS

• 修改一个操作符表的定义

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner

2.14 ALTER SCHEMA

• 修改一个模式的定义

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner

2.15 ALTER SEQUENCE

• 修改一个序列生成器的定义

ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

2.16 ALTER TABLE

• 修改表的定义

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name
RENAME TO new_name

• 其中， action：

ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
OWNER TO new_owner
SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name

2.17 ALTER TABLESPACE

• 修改一个表空间的定义

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner

2.18 ALTER TRIGGER

• 修改一个触发器的定义

ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name

2.19 ALTER TYPE

• 修改一个类型的定义

ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner

2.20 ALTER USER

• 修改数据库的用户账号

ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter

• options 可以为：

[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| VALID UNTIL 'abstime'

2.21 ANALYZE

• 收集与数据库有关的统计；

ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

2.22 BEGIN

• 开始一个事务块

BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

• transaction_mode 可为：

ISOLATION LEVEL { 
   SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
   | READ UNCOMMITTED
}
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

2.23 CHECKPOINT

• 强制一个事务日志检查点

CHECKPOINT

2.24 CLOSE

• 关闭游标

CLOSE name

2.25 CLUSTER

• 根据一个索引对某个表盘簇化排序

CLUSTER index_name ON table_name
CLUSTER table_name
CLUSTER

2.26 COMMENT

• 定义或者改变一个对象的注释

COMMENT ON {
   TABLE object_name |
   COLUMN table_name.column_name |
   AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
   CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
   CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
   CONVERSION object_name |
   DATABASE object_name |
   DOMAIN object_name |
   FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
   INDEX object_name |
   LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
   OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
   OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
   [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
   RULE rule_name ON table_name |
   SCHEMA object_name |
   SEQUENCE object_name |
   TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
   TYPE object_name |
   VIEW object_name
} 
IS 'text'

2.27 COMMIT

• 提交当前事务

COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

2.28 COPY

• 在表和文件之间拷贝数据

COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]

2.29 CREATE AGGREGATE

• 定义一个新的聚集函数

CREATE AGGREGATE name (
   BASETYPE = input_data_type,
   SFUNC = sfunc,
   STYPE = state_data_type
   [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
   [, INITCOND = initial_condition ]
)

2.30 CREATE CAST

• 定义一个用户定义的转换

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITHOUT FUNCTION
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]

2.31 CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER

• 定义一个新的约束触发器

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name
AFTER events ON
table_name constraint attributes
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )

2.32 CREATE CONVERSION

• 定义一个新的编码转换

CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name
FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name

2.33 CREATE DATABASE

• 创建新数据库

CREATE DATABASE name
[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]
   [ TEMPLATE [=] template ]
   [ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
   [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] 
]

2.34 CREATE DOMAIN

• 定义一个新域

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type
[ DEFAULT expression ]
[ constraint [ ... ] ]

• constraint 可为：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }

2.35 CREATE FUNCTION

• 定义一个新函数

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
   | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
   | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
   | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
   | AS 'definition'
   | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
} ...
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]

2.36 CREATE GROUP

• 定义一个新的用户组

CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
Where option can be:
SYSID gid
| USER username [, ...]

2.37 CREATE INDEX

• 定义一个新索引

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[ WHERE predicate ]

2.38 CREATE LANGUAGE

• 定义一个新的过程语言

CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]

2.39 CREATE OPERATOR

• 定义一个新的操作符

CREATE OPERATOR name (
   PROCEDURE = func_name
   [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]
   [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
   [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
   [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
   [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]
   [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]
)

2.40 CREATE OPERATOR CLASS

• 定义一个新的操作符表

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]
   | FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
   | STORAGE storage_type
} [, ... ]

2.41 CREATE ROLE

• 定义一个新的数据库角色

CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ]

where `_option_` can be:

      SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
    | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
    | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
...

2.42 CREATE RULE

• 定义一个新重写规则

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }

2.43 CREATE SCHEMA

• 定义一个新模式

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]

2.44 CREATE SERVER

• 定义一个新的外部服务器

CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ]
    FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_
    [ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ]

2.45 CREATE SEQUENCE

• 定义一个新序列发生器

CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

2.46 CREATE TABLE

• 定义一个新表

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { 
   TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( { 
      column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
      | table_constraint
      | LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] 
   } [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]

• column_constraint 可为：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { 
   NOT NULL |
   NULL |
   UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   CHECK (expression) |
   REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
   [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
   [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] 
}
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

• table_constraint 可为：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

2.47 CREATE TABLE AS

• 从一条查询的结果中定义一个新表

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query

2.48 CREATE TABLESPACE

• 定义一个新的表空间

CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'

2.49 CREATE TRIGGER

• 定义一个新的触发器

CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )

2.50 CREATE TYPE

• 定义一个新的数据类型

CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[, RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[, SEND = send_function ]
[, ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[, PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[, ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[, STORAGE = storage ]
[, DEFAULT = default ]
[, ELEMENT = element ]
[, DELIMITER = delimiter ]
)

2.51 CREATE USER

• 创建一个新的数据库用户帐户

CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]

• option 可为：

SYSID uid
| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
| VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'

2.52 CREATE VIEW

• 定义一个视图：

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query

2.53 DEALLOCATE

• 删除一个准备好的查询

DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name

2.54 DECLARE

• 定义一个游标

DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]

2.55 DELETE

• 删除一个表中的行

DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]

2.56 DROP AGGREGATE

• 删除一个用户定义的聚集函数

DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.57 DROP CAST

• 删除一个用户定义的数据类型

DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.58 DROP CONVERSION

• 删除一个用户定义的编码转换

DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.59 DROP DATABASE

• 删除一个数据库

DROP DATABASE name

2.60 DROP DOMAIN

• 删除一个用户定义的域

DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.61 DROP FUNCTION

• 删除一个函数

DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.62 DROP GROUP

• 删除一个用户组

DROP GROUP name

2.63 DROP INDEX

• 删除一个索引

DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.64 DROP LANGUAGE

• 删除一个过程语言

DROP [PROCEDURAL] LANGUAGE name [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

2.65 DROP OPERATOR

• 删除一个操作符

DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.66 DROP OPERATOR CLASS

• 删除一个操作符表

DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.67 DROP ROLE

• 删除一个数据库角色

DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] _name_ [, ...]

2.68 DROP RULE

• 删除一个重写规则

DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.69 DROP SCHEMA

• 删除一个模式

DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.70 DROP SEQUENCE

• 删除一个序列

DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.71 DROP TABLE

• 删除一个表

DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.72 DROP TABLESPACE

• 删除一个表空间

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name

2.73 DROP TRIGGER

• 删除一个触发器定义

DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.74 DROP TYPE

• 删除一个用户定义的数据类型

DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.75 DROP USER

• 删除一个数据库用户账户

DROP USER name

2.76 DROP VIEW

• 删除一个视图

DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.77 END

• 提交当前的事务

END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

2.78 EXECUTE

• 执行一个准备好的查询

EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]

2.79 EXPLAIN

• 显示一个语句的执行规划

EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement

2.80 FETCH

• 用游标从查询中抓取行

FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

• direction 可为：

NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE count
RELATIVE count
count
ALL
FORWARD
FORWARD count
FORWARD ALL
BACKWARD
BACKWARD count
BACKWARD ALL

2.81 GRANT

• 定义访问权限

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

2.82 INSERT

• 在表中创建新行，即插入数据

INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }

2.83 LISTEN

• 监听一个通知

LISTEN name

2.84 LOAD

• 加载或重载一个共享库文件

LOAD 'filename'

2.85 LOCK

• 锁定一个表

LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]

• lock_mode 可为：

ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE
| SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE

2.86 MOVE

• 定位一个游标

MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

2.87 NOTIFY

• 生成一个通知

NOTIFY name

2.88 PREPARE

• 创建一个准备好的查询

PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement

2.89 REINDEX

• 重建索引

REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]

2.90 RELEASE SAVEPOINT

• 删除一个前面定义的保存点：

RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

2.91 RESET

• 把一个运行时参数值恢复为默认值

RESET name
RESET ALL

2.92 REVOKE

• 删除访问权限

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

2.93 ROLLBACK

• 退出当前事务

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

2.94 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT

• 回滚到一个保存点

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

2.95 SAVEPOINT

• 在当前事务里定义一个新的保存点

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

2.96 SELECT

• 从表或视图中取出若干行

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

• from_item 可为：

[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]

2.97 SELECT INTO

• 从一个查询的结果中定义一个新表

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

2.98 SET

• 修改运行时参数

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }

2.99 SET CONSTRAINTS

• 设置当前事务的约束检查模式

SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

2.100 SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

• 为当前会话设置用户标识符和当前用户标识符

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

2.101 SET TRANSACTION

• 开始一个事务块

SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]

• transaction_mode 可为：

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

2.102 SHOW

• 显示运行时参数的值

SHOW name
SHOW ALL

2.103 START TRANSACTION

• 开始一个事务块

START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

• transaction_mode 可为：

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

2.104 TRUNCATE

• 清空一个或一组表

TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name

2.105 UNLISTEN

• 停止监听通知信息：

UNLISTEN { name | * }

2.106 UPDATE

• 更新一个表中的行

UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ]

2.107 VACUUM

• 垃圾收集以及可选的分析一个数据库

VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ]
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

2.108 VALUES

• 计算一个或一组行

VALUES ( _expression_ [, ...] ) [, ...]
    [ ORDER BY _sort_expression_ [ ASC | DESC | USING _operator_ ] [, ...] ]
    [ LIMIT { _count_ | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET _start_ [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ _count_ ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]