package java.util;
/** * This class implements the Dual-Pivot Quicksort algorithm by * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Josh Bloch. The algorithm * offers O(n log(n)) performance on many data sets that cause other * quicksorts to degrade to quadratic performance, and is typically * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations. * * All exposed methods are package-private, designed to be invoked * from public methods (in class Arrays) after performing any * necessary array bounds checks and expanding parameters into the * required forms. * * @author Vladimir Yaroslavskiy * @author Jon Bentley * @author Josh Bloch * * @version 2011.02.11 m765.827.12i:5\7pm * @since 1.7 */
final class DualPivotQuicksort {
/** * Prevents instantiation. */
private DualPivotQuicksort() {}
/* * Tuning parameters. */
/** * The maximum number of runs in merge sort. */
private static final int MAX_RUN_COUNT = 67;
/** * The maximum length of run in merge sort. */
private static final int MAX_RUN_LENGTH = 33;
/** * If the length of an array to be sorted is less than this * constant, Quicksort is used in preference to merge sort. */
private static final int QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD = 286;
/** * If the length of an array to be sorted is less than this * constant, insertion sort is used in preference to Quicksort. */
private static final int INSERTION_SORT_THRESHOLD = 47;
/** * If the length of a byte array to be sorted is greater than this * constant, counting sort is used in preference to insertion sort. */
private static final int COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_BYTE = 29;
/** * If the length of a short or char array to be sorted is greater * than this constant, counting sort is used in preference to Quicksort. */
private static final int COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_SHORT_OR_CHAR = 3200;
/* * Sorting methods for seven primitive types. */
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array using the given * workspace array slice if possible for merging * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param work a workspace array (slice) * @param workBase origin of usable space in work array * @param workLen usable size of work array */
static void sort(int[] a, int left, int right,
int[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
// Use Quicksort on small arrays
if (right - left < QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
/* * Index run[i] is the start of i-th run * (ascending or descending sequence). */
int[] run = new int[MAX_RUN_COUNT + 1];
int count = 0; run[0] = left;
// Check if the array is nearly sorted
for (int k = left; k < right; run[count] = k) {
if (a[k] < a[k + 1]) { // ascending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] <= a[k]);
} else if (a[k] > a[k + 1]) { // descending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] >= a[k]);
for (int lo = run[count] - 1, hi = k; ++lo < --hi; ) {
int t = a[lo]; a[lo] = a[hi]; a[hi] = t;
}
} else { // equal
for (int m = MAX_RUN_LENGTH; ++k <= right && a[k - 1] == a[k]; ) {
if (--m == 0) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
}
/* * The array is not highly structured, * use Quicksort instead of merge sort. */
if (++count == MAX_RUN_COUNT) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
// Check special cases
// Implementation note: variable "right" is increased by 1.
if (run[count] == right++) { // The last run contains one element
run[++count] = right;
} else if (count == 1) { // The array is already sorted
return;
}
// Determine alternation base for merge
byte odd = 0;
for (int n = 1; (n <<= 1) < count; odd ^= 1);
// Use or create temporary array b for merging
int[] b; // temp array; alternates with a
int ao, bo; // array offsets from 'left'
int blen = right - left; // space needed for b
if (work == null || workLen < blen || workBase + blen > work.length) {
work = new int[blen];
workBase = 0;
}
if (odd == 0) {
System.arraycopy(a, left, work, workBase, blen);
b = a;
bo = 0;
a = work;
ao = workBase - left;
} else {
b = work;
ao = 0;
bo = workBase - left;
}
// Merging
for (int last; count > 1; count = last) {
for (int k = (last = 0) + 2; k <= count; k += 2) {
int hi = run[k], mi = run[k - 1];
for (int i = run[k - 2], p = i, q = mi; i < hi; ++i) {
if (q >= hi || p < mi && a[p + ao] <= a[q + ao]) {
b[i + bo] = a[p++ + ao];
} else {
b[i + bo] = a[q++ + ao];
}
}
run[++last] = hi;
}
if ((count & 1) != 0) {
for (int i = right, lo = run[count - 1]; --i >= lo;
b[i + bo] = a[i + ao]
);
run[++last] = right;
}
int[] t = a; a = b; b = t;
int o = ao; ao = bo; bo = o;
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array by Dual-Pivot Quicksort. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param leftmost indicates if this part is the leftmost in the range */
private static void sort(int[] a, int left, int right, boolean leftmost) {
int length = right - left + 1;
// Use insertion sort on tiny arrays
if (length < INSERTION_SORT_THRESHOLD) {
if (leftmost) {
/* * Traditional (without sentinel) insertion sort, * optimized for server VM, is used in case of * the leftmost part. */
for (int i = left, j = i; i < right; j = ++i) {
int ai = a[i + 1];
while (ai < a[j]) {
a[j + 1] = a[j];
if (j-- == left) {
break;
}
}
a[j + 1] = ai;
}
} else {
/* * Skip the longest ascending sequence. */
do {
if (left >= right) {
return;
}
} while (a[++left] >= a[left - 1]);
/* * Every element from adjoining part plays the role * of sentinel, therefore this allows us to avoid the * left range check on each iteration. Moreover, we use * the more optimized algorithm, so called pair insertion * sort, which is faster (in the context of Quicksort) * than traditional implementation of insertion sort. */
for (int k = left; ++left <= right; k = ++left) {
int a1 = a[k], a2 = a[left];
if (a1 < a2) {
a2 = a1; a1 = a[left];
}
while (a1 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 2] = a[k];
}
a[++k + 1] = a1;
while (a2 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 1] = a[k];
}
a[k + 1] = a2;
}
int last = a[right];
while (last < a[--right]) {
a[right + 1] = a[right];
}
a[right + 1] = last;
}
return;
}
// Inexpensive approximation of length / 7
int seventh = (length >> 3) + (length >> 6) + 1;
/* * Sort five evenly spaced elements around (and including) the * center element in the range. These elements will be used for * pivot selection as described below. The choice for spacing * these elements was empirically determined to work well on * a wide variety of inputs. */
int e3 = (left + right) >>> 1; // The midpoint
int e2 = e3 - seventh;
int e1 = e2 - seventh;
int e4 = e3 + seventh;
int e5 = e4 + seventh;
// Sort these elements using insertion sort
if (a[e2] < a[e1]) { int t = a[e2]; a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
if (a[e3] < a[e2]) { int t = a[e3]; a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
if (a[e4] < a[e3]) { int t = a[e4]; a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
if (a[e5] < a[e4]) { int t = a[e5]; a[e5] = a[e4]; a[e4] = t;
if (t < a[e3]) { a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
}
// Pointers
int less = left; // The index of the first element of center part
int great = right; // The index before the first element of right part
if (a[e1] != a[e2] && a[e2] != a[e3] && a[e3] != a[e4] && a[e4] != a[e5]) {
/* * Use the second and fourth of the five sorted elements as pivots. * These values are inexpensive approximations of the first and * second terciles of the array. Note that pivot1 <= pivot2. */
int pivot1 = a[e2];
int pivot2 = a[e4];
/* * The first and the last elements to be sorted are moved to the * locations formerly occupied by the pivots. When partitioning * is complete, the pivots are swapped back into their final * positions, and excluded from subsequent sorting. */
a[e2] = a[left];
a[e4] = a[right];
/* * Skip elements, which are less or greater than pivot values. */
while (a[++less] < pivot1);
while (a[--great] > pivot2);
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot1 | pivot1 <= && <= pivot2 | ? | > pivot2 | * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot1 * pivot1 <= all in [less, k) <= pivot2 * all in (great, right) > pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
int ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i++;" instead * of "a[i++] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak > pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] < pivot1) { // a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // pivot1 <= a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i--;" instead * of "a[i--] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
// Swap pivots into their final positions
a[left] = a[less - 1]; a[less - 1] = pivot1;
a[right] = a[great + 1]; a[great + 1] = pivot2;
// Sort left and right parts recursively, excluding known pivots
sort(a, left, less - 2, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 2, right, false);
/* * If center part is too large (comprises > 4/7 of the array), * swap internal pivot values to ends. */
if (less < e1 && e5 < great) {
/* * Skip elements, which are equal to pivot values. */
while (a[less] == pivot1) {
++less;
}
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
--great;
}
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * | == pivot1 | pivot1 < && < pivot2 | ? | == pivot2 | * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (*, less) == pivot1 * pivot1 < all in [less, k) < pivot2 * all in (great, *) == pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
int ak = a[k];
if (ak == pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak == pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] == pivot1) { // a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot1, the * assignment a[less] = pivot1 may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot1 are floating-point zeros * of different signs. Therefore in float and * double sorting methods we have to use more * accurate assignment a[less] = a[great]. */
a[less] = pivot1;
++less;
} else { // pivot1 < a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
}
// Sort center part recursively
sort(a, less, great, false);
} else { // Partitioning with one pivot
/* * Use the third of the five sorted elements as pivot. * This value is inexpensive approximation of the median. */
int pivot = a[e3];
/* * Partitioning degenerates to the traditional 3-way * (or "Dutch National Flag") schema: * * left part center part right part * +-------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot | == pivot | ? | > pivot | * +-------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot * all in [less, k) == pivot * all in (great, right) > pivot * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
for (int k = less; k <= great; ++k) {
if (a[k] == pivot) {
continue;
}
int ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else { // a[k] > pivot - Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot) {
--great;
}
if (a[great] < pivot) { // a[great] <= pivot
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // a[great] == pivot
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot, the * assignment a[k] = pivot may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot are floating-point * zeros of different signs. Therefore in float * and double sorting methods we have to use * more accurate assignment a[k] = a[great]. */
a[k] = pivot;
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
/* * Sort left and right parts recursively. * All elements from center part are equal * and, therefore, already sorted. */
sort(a, left, less - 1, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 1, right, false);
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array using the given * workspace array slice if possible for merging * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param work a workspace array (slice) * @param workBase origin of usable space in work array * @param workLen usable size of work array */
static void sort(long[] a, int left, int right,
long[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
// Use Quicksort on small arrays
if (right - left < QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
/* * Index run[i] is the start of i-th run * (ascending or descending sequence). */
int[] run = new int[MAX_RUN_COUNT + 1];
int count = 0; run[0] = left;
// Check if the array is nearly sorted
for (int k = left; k < right; run[count] = k) {
if (a[k] < a[k + 1]) { // ascending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] <= a[k]);
} else if (a[k] > a[k + 1]) { // descending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] >= a[k]);
for (int lo = run[count] - 1, hi = k; ++lo < --hi; ) {
long t = a[lo]; a[lo] = a[hi]; a[hi] = t;
}
} else { // equal
for (int m = MAX_RUN_LENGTH; ++k <= right && a[k - 1] == a[k]; ) {
if (--m == 0) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
}
/* * The array is not highly structured, * use Quicksort instead of merge sort. */
if (++count == MAX_RUN_COUNT) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
// Check special cases
// Implementation note: variable "right" is increased by 1.
if (run[count] == right++) { // The last run contains one element
run[++count] = right;
} else if (count == 1) { // The array is already sorted
return;
}
// Determine alternation base for merge
byte odd = 0;
for (int n = 1; (n <<= 1) < count; odd ^= 1);
// Use or create temporary array b for merging
long[] b; // temp array; alternates with a
int ao, bo; // array offsets from 'left'
int blen = right - left; // space needed for b
if (work == null || workLen < blen || workBase + blen > work.length) {
work = new long[blen];
workBase = 0;
}
if (odd == 0) {
System.arraycopy(a, left, work, workBase, blen);
b = a;
bo = 0;
a = work;
ao = workBase - left;
} else {
b = work;
ao = 0;
bo = workBase - left;
}
// Merging
for (int last; count > 1; count = last) {
for (int k = (last = 0) + 2; k <= count; k += 2) {
int hi = run[k], mi = run[k - 1];
for (int i = run[k - 2], p = i, q = mi; i < hi; ++i) {
if (q >= hi || p < mi && a[p + ao] <= a[q + ao]) {
b[i + bo] = a[p++ + ao];
} else {
b[i + bo] = a[q++ + ao];
}
}
run[++last] = hi;
}
if ((count & 1) != 0) {
for (int i = right, lo = run[count - 1]; --i >= lo;
b[i + bo] = a[i + ao]
);
run[++last] = right;
}
long[] t = a; a = b; b = t;
int o = ao; ao = bo; bo = o;
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array by Dual-Pivot Quicksort. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param leftmost indicates if this part is the leftmost in the range */
private static void sort(long[] a, int left, int right, boolean leftmost) {
int length = right - left + 1;
// Use insertion sort on tiny arrays
if (length < INSERTION_SORT_THRESHOLD) {
if (leftmost) {
/* * Traditional (without sentinel) insertion sort, * optimized for server VM, is used in case of * the leftmost part. */
for (int i = left, j = i; i < right; j = ++i) {
long ai = a[i + 1];
while (ai < a[j]) {
a[j + 1] = a[j];
if (j-- == left) {
break;
}
}
a[j + 1] = ai;
}
} else {
/* * Skip the longest ascending sequence. */
do {
if (left >= right) {
return;
}
} while (a[++left] >= a[left - 1]);
/* * Every element from adjoining part plays the role * of sentinel, therefore this allows us to avoid the * left range check on each iteration. Moreover, we use * the more optimized algorithm, so called pair insertion * sort, which is faster (in the context of Quicksort) * than traditional implementation of insertion sort. */
for (int k = left; ++left <= right; k = ++left) {
long a1 = a[k], a2 = a[left];
if (a1 < a2) {
a2 = a1; a1 = a[left];
}
while (a1 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 2] = a[k];
}
a[++k + 1] = a1;
while (a2 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 1] = a[k];
}
a[k + 1] = a2;
}
long last = a[right];
while (last < a[--right]) {
a[right + 1] = a[right];
}
a[right + 1] = last;
}
return;
}
// Inexpensive approximation of length / 7
int seventh = (length >> 3) + (length >> 6) + 1;
/* * Sort five evenly spaced elements around (and including) the * center element in the range. These elements will be used for * pivot selection as described below. The choice for spacing * these elements was empirically determined to work well on * a wide variety of inputs. */
int e3 = (left + right) >>> 1; // The midpoint
int e2 = e3 - seventh;
int e1 = e2 - seventh;
int e4 = e3 + seventh;
int e5 = e4 + seventh;
// Sort these elements using insertion sort
if (a[e2] < a[e1]) { long t = a[e2]; a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
if (a[e3] < a[e2]) { long t = a[e3]; a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
if (a[e4] < a[e3]) { long t = a[e4]; a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
if (a[e5] < a[e4]) { long t = a[e5]; a[e5] = a[e4]; a[e4] = t;
if (t < a[e3]) { a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
}
// Pointers
int less = left; // The index of the first element of center part
int great = right; // The index before the first element of right part
if (a[e1] != a[e2] && a[e2] != a[e3] && a[e3] != a[e4] && a[e4] != a[e5]) {
/* * Use the second and fourth of the five sorted elements as pivots. * These values are inexpensive approximations of the first and * second terciles of the array. Note that pivot1 <= pivot2. */
long pivot1 = a[e2];
long pivot2 = a[e4];
/* * The first and the last elements to be sorted are moved to the * locations formerly occupied by the pivots. When partitioning * is complete, the pivots are swapped back into their final * positions, and excluded from subsequent sorting. */
a[e2] = a[left];
a[e4] = a[right];
/* * Skip elements, which are less or greater than pivot values. */
while (a[++less] < pivot1);
while (a[--great] > pivot2);
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot1 | pivot1 <= && <= pivot2 | ? | > pivot2 | * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot1 * pivot1 <= all in [less, k) <= pivot2 * all in (great, right) > pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
long ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i++;" instead * of "a[i++] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak > pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] < pivot1) { // a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // pivot1 <= a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i--;" instead * of "a[i--] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
// Swap pivots into their final positions
a[left] = a[less - 1]; a[less - 1] = pivot1;
a[right] = a[great + 1]; a[great + 1] = pivot2;
// Sort left and right parts recursively, excluding known pivots
sort(a, left, less - 2, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 2, right, false);
/* * If center part is too large (comprises > 4/7 of the array), * swap internal pivot values to ends. */
if (less < e1 && e5 < great) {
/* * Skip elements, which are equal to pivot values. */
while (a[less] == pivot1) {
++less;
}
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
--great;
}
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * | == pivot1 | pivot1 < && < pivot2 | ? | == pivot2 | * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (*, less) == pivot1 * pivot1 < all in [less, k) < pivot2 * all in (great, *) == pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
long ak = a[k];
if (ak == pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak == pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] == pivot1) { // a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot1, the * assignment a[less] = pivot1 may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot1 are floating-point zeros * of different signs. Therefore in float and * double sorting methods we have to use more * accurate assignment a[less] = a[great]. */
a[less] = pivot1;
++less;
} else { // pivot1 < a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
}
// Sort center part recursively
sort(a, less, great, false);
} else { // Partitioning with one pivot
/* * Use the third of the five sorted elements as pivot. * This value is inexpensive approximation of the median. */
long pivot = a[e3];
/* * Partitioning degenerates to the traditional 3-way * (or "Dutch National Flag") schema: * * left part center part right part * +-------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot | == pivot | ? | > pivot | * +-------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot * all in [less, k) == pivot * all in (great, right) > pivot * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
for (int k = less; k <= great; ++k) {
if (a[k] == pivot) {
continue;
}
long ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else { // a[k] > pivot - Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot) {
--great;
}
if (a[great] < pivot) { // a[great] <= pivot
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // a[great] == pivot
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot, the * assignment a[k] = pivot may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot are floating-point * zeros of different signs. Therefore in float * and double sorting methods we have to use * more accurate assignment a[k] = a[great]. */
a[k] = pivot;
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
/* * Sort left and right parts recursively. * All elements from center part are equal * and, therefore, already sorted. */
sort(a, left, less - 1, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 1, right, false);
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array using the given * workspace array slice if possible for merging * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param work a workspace array (slice) * @param workBase origin of usable space in work array * @param workLen usable size of work array */
static void sort(short[] a, int left, int right,
short[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
// Use counting sort on large arrays
if (right - left > COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_SHORT_OR_CHAR) {
int[] count = new int[NUM_SHORT_VALUES];
for (int i = left - 1; ++i <= right;
count[a[i] - Short.MIN_VALUE]++
);
for (int i = NUM_SHORT_VALUES, k = right + 1; k > left; ) {
while (count[--i] == 0);
short value = (short) (i + Short.MIN_VALUE);
int s = count[i];
do {
a[--k] = value;
} while (--s > 0);
}
} else { // Use Dual-Pivot Quicksort on small arrays
doSort(a, left, right, work, workBase, workLen);
}
}
/** The number of distinct short values. */
private static final int NUM_SHORT_VALUES = 1 << 16;
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param work a workspace array (slice) * @param workBase origin of usable space in work array * @param workLen usable size of work array */
private static void doSort(short[] a, int left, int right,
short[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
// Use Quicksort on small arrays
if (right - left < QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
/* * Index run[i] is the start of i-th run * (ascending or descending sequence). */
int[] run = new int[MAX_RUN_COUNT + 1];
int count = 0; run[0] = left;
// Check if the array is nearly sorted
for (int k = left; k < right; run[count] = k) {
if (a[k] < a[k + 1]) { // ascending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] <= a[k]);
} else if (a[k] > a[k + 1]) { // descending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] >= a[k]);
for (int lo = run[count] - 1, hi = k; ++lo < --hi; ) {
short t = a[lo]; a[lo] = a[hi]; a[hi] = t;
}
} else { // equal
for (int m = MAX_RUN_LENGTH; ++k <= right && a[k - 1] == a[k]; ) {
if (--m == 0) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
}
/* * The array is not highly structured, * use Quicksort instead of merge sort. */
if (++count == MAX_RUN_COUNT) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
// Check special cases
// Implementation note: variable "right" is increased by 1.
if (run[count] == right++) { // The last run contains one element
run[++count] = right;
} else if (count == 1) { // The array is already sorted
return;
}
// Determine alternation base for merge
byte odd = 0;
for (int n = 1; (n <<= 1) < count; odd ^= 1);
// Use or create temporary array b for merging
short[] b; // temp array; alternates with a
int ao, bo; // array offsets from 'left'
int blen = right - left; // space needed for b
if (work == null || workLen < blen || workBase + blen > work.length) {
work = new short[blen];
workBase = 0;
}
if (odd == 0) {
System.arraycopy(a, left, work, workBase, blen);
b = a;
bo = 0;
a = work;
ao = workBase - left;
} else {
b = work;
ao = 0;
bo = workBase - left;
}
// Merging
for (int last; count > 1; count = last) {
for (int k = (last = 0) + 2; k <= count; k += 2) {
int hi = run[k], mi = run[k - 1];
for (int i = run[k - 2], p = i, q = mi; i < hi; ++i) {
if (q >= hi || p < mi && a[p + ao] <= a[q + ao]) {
b[i + bo] = a[p++ + ao];
} else {
b[i + bo] = a[q++ + ao];
}
}
run[++last] = hi;
}
if ((count & 1) != 0) {
for (int i = right, lo = run[count - 1]; --i >= lo;
b[i + bo] = a[i + ao]
);
run[++last] = right;
}
short[] t = a; a = b; b = t;
int o = ao; ao = bo; bo = o;
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array by Dual-Pivot Quicksort. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param leftmost indicates if this part is the leftmost in the range */
private static void sort(short[] a, int left, int right, boolean leftmost) {
int length = right - left + 1;
// Use insertion sort on tiny arrays
if (length < INSERTION_SORT_THRESHOLD) {
if (leftmost) {
/* * Traditional (without sentinel) insertion sort, * optimized for server VM, is used in case of * the leftmost part. */
for (int i = left, j = i; i < right; j = ++i) {
short ai = a[i + 1];
while (ai < a[j]) {
a[j + 1] = a[j];
if (j-- == left) {
break;
}
}
a[j + 1] = ai;
}
} else {
/* * Skip the longest ascending sequence. */
do {
if (left >= right) {
return;
}
} while (a[++left] >= a[left - 1]);
/* * Every element from adjoining part plays the role * of sentinel, therefore this allows us to avoid the * left range check on each iteration. Moreover, we use * the more optimized algorithm, so called pair insertion * sort, which is faster (in the context of Quicksort) * than traditional implementation of insertion sort. */
for (int k = left; ++left <= right; k = ++left) {
short a1 = a[k], a2 = a[left];
if (a1 < a2) {
a2 = a1; a1 = a[left];
}
while (a1 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 2] = a[k];
}
a[++k + 1] = a1;
while (a2 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 1] = a[k];
}
a[k + 1] = a2;
}
short last = a[right];
while (last < a[--right]) {
a[right + 1] = a[right];
}
a[right + 1] = last;
}
return;
}
// Inexpensive approximation of length / 7
int seventh = (length >> 3) + (length >> 6) + 1;
/* * Sort five evenly spaced elements around (and including) the * center element in the range. These elements will be used for * pivot selection as described below. The choice for spacing * these elements was empirically determined to work well on * a wide variety of inputs. */
int e3 = (left + right) >>> 1; // The midpoint
int e2 = e3 - seventh;
int e1 = e2 - seventh;
int e4 = e3 + seventh;
int e5 = e4 + seventh;
// Sort these elements using insertion sort
if (a[e2] < a[e1]) { short t = a[e2]; a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
if (a[e3] < a[e2]) { short t = a[e3]; a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
if (a[e4] < a[e3]) { short t = a[e4]; a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
if (a[e5] < a[e4]) { short t = a[e5]; a[e5] = a[e4]; a[e4] = t;
if (t < a[e3]) { a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
}
// Pointers
int less = left; // The index of the first element of center part
int great = right; // The index before the first element of right part
if (a[e1] != a[e2] && a[e2] != a[e3] && a[e3] != a[e4] && a[e4] != a[e5]) {
/* * Use the second and fourth of the five sorted elements as pivots. * These values are inexpensive approximations of the first and * second terciles of the array. Note that pivot1 <= pivot2. */
short pivot1 = a[e2];
short pivot2 = a[e4];
/* * The first and the last elements to be sorted are moved to the * locations formerly occupied by the pivots. When partitioning * is complete, the pivots are swapped back into their final * positions, and excluded from subsequent sorting. */
a[e2] = a[left];
a[e4] = a[right];
/* * Skip elements, which are less or greater than pivot values. */
while (a[++less] < pivot1);
while (a[--great] > pivot2);
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot1 | pivot1 <= && <= pivot2 | ? | > pivot2 | * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot1 * pivot1 <= all in [less, k) <= pivot2 * all in (great, right) > pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
short ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i++;" instead * of "a[i++] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak > pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] < pivot1) { // a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // pivot1 <= a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i--;" instead * of "a[i--] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
// Swap pivots into their final positions
a[left] = a[less - 1]; a[less - 1] = pivot1;
a[right] = a[great + 1]; a[great + 1] = pivot2;
// Sort left and right parts recursively, excluding known pivots
sort(a, left, less - 2, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 2, right, false);
/* * If center part is too large (comprises > 4/7 of the array), * swap internal pivot values to ends. */
if (less < e1 && e5 < great) {
/* * Skip elements, which are equal to pivot values. */
while (a[less] == pivot1) {
++less;
}
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
--great;
}
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * | == pivot1 | pivot1 < && < pivot2 | ? | == pivot2 | * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (*, less) == pivot1 * pivot1 < all in [less, k) < pivot2 * all in (great, *) == pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
short ak = a[k];
if (ak == pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak == pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] == pivot1) { // a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot1, the * assignment a[less] = pivot1 may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot1 are floating-point zeros * of different signs. Therefore in float and * double sorting methods we have to use more * accurate assignment a[less] = a[great]. */
a[less] = pivot1;
++less;
} else { // pivot1 < a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
}
// Sort center part recursively
sort(a, less, great, false);
} else { // Partitioning with one pivot
/* * Use the third of the five sorted elements as pivot. * This value is inexpensive approximation of the median. */
short pivot = a[e3];
/* * Partitioning degenerates to the traditional 3-way * (or "Dutch National Flag") schema: * * left part center part right part * +-------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot | == pivot | ? | > pivot | * +-------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot * all in [less, k) == pivot * all in (great, right) > pivot * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
for (int k = less; k <= great; ++k) {
if (a[k] == pivot) {
continue;
}
short ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else { // a[k] > pivot - Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot) {
--great;
}
if (a[great] < pivot) { // a[great] <= pivot
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // a[great] == pivot
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot, the * assignment a[k] = pivot may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot are floating-point * zeros of different signs. Therefore in float * and double sorting methods we have to use * more accurate assignment a[k] = a[great]. */
a[k] = pivot;
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
/* * Sort left and right parts recursively. * All elements from center part are equal * and, therefore, already sorted. */
sort(a, left, less - 1, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 1, right, false);
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array using the given * workspace array slice if possible for merging * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param work a workspace array (slice) * @param workBase origin of usable space in work array * @param workLen usable size of work array */
static void sort(char[] a, int left, int right,
char[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
// Use counting sort on large arrays
if (right - left > COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_SHORT_OR_CHAR) {
int[] count = new int[NUM_CHAR_VALUES];
for (int i = left - 1; ++i <= right;
count[a[i]]++
);
for (int i = NUM_CHAR_VALUES, k = right + 1; k > left; ) {
while (count[--i] == 0);
char value = (char) i;
int s = count[i];
do {
a[--k] = value;
} while (--s > 0);
}
} else { // Use Dual-Pivot Quicksort on small arrays
doSort(a, left, right, work, workBase, workLen);
}
}
/** The number of distinct char values. */
private static final int NUM_CHAR_VALUES = 1 << 16;
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param work a workspace array (slice) * @param workBase origin of usable space in work array * @param workLen usable size of work array */
private static void doSort(char[] a, int left, int right,
char[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
// Use Quicksort on small arrays
if (right - left < QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
/* * Index run[i] is the start of i-th run * (ascending or descending sequence). */
int[] run = new int[MAX_RUN_COUNT + 1];
int count = 0; run[0] = left;
// Check if the array is nearly sorted
for (int k = left; k < right; run[count] = k) {
if (a[k] < a[k + 1]) { // ascending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] <= a[k]);
} else if (a[k] > a[k + 1]) { // descending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] >= a[k]);
for (int lo = run[count] - 1, hi = k; ++lo < --hi; ) {
char t = a[lo]; a[lo] = a[hi]; a[hi] = t;
}
} else { // equal
for (int m = MAX_RUN_LENGTH; ++k <= right && a[k - 1] == a[k]; ) {
if (--m == 0) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
}
/* * The array is not highly structured, * use Quicksort instead of merge sort. */
if (++count == MAX_RUN_COUNT) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
// Check special cases
// Implementation note: variable "right" is increased by 1.
if (run[count] == right++) { // The last run contains one element
run[++count] = right;
} else if (count == 1) { // The array is already sorted
return;
}
// Determine alternation base for merge
byte odd = 0;
for (int n = 1; (n <<= 1) < count; odd ^= 1);
// Use or create temporary array b for merging
char[] b; // temp array; alternates with a
int ao, bo; // array offsets from 'left'
int blen = right - left; // space needed for b
if (work == null || workLen < blen || workBase + blen > work.length) {
work = new char[blen];
workBase = 0;
}
if (odd == 0) {
System.arraycopy(a, left, work, workBase, blen);
b = a;
bo = 0;
a = work;
ao = workBase - left;
} else {
b = work;
ao = 0;
bo = workBase - left;
}
// Merging
for (int last; count > 1; count = last) {
for (int k = (last = 0) + 2; k <= count; k += 2) {
int hi = run[k], mi = run[k - 1];
for (int i = run[k - 2], p = i, q = mi; i < hi; ++i) {
if (q >= hi || p < mi && a[p + ao] <= a[q + ao]) {
b[i + bo] = a[p++ + ao];
} else {
b[i + bo] = a[q++ + ao];
}
}
run[++last] = hi;
}
if ((count & 1) != 0) {
for (int i = right, lo = run[count - 1]; --i >= lo;
b[i + bo] = a[i + ao]
);
run[++last] = right;
}
char[] t = a; a = b; b = t;
int o = ao; ao = bo; bo = o;
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array by Dual-Pivot Quicksort. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param leftmost indicates if this part is the leftmost in the range */
private static void sort(char[] a, int left, int right, boolean leftmost) {
int length = right - left + 1;
// Use insertion sort on tiny arrays
if (length < INSERTION_SORT_THRESHOLD) {
if (leftmost) {
/* * Traditional (without sentinel) insertion sort, * optimized for server VM, is used in case of * the leftmost part. */
for (int i = left, j = i; i < right; j = ++i) {
char ai = a[i + 1];
while (ai < a[j]) {
a[j + 1] = a[j];
if (j-- == left) {
break;
}
}
a[j + 1] = ai;
}
} else {
/* * Skip the longest ascending sequence. */
do {
if (left >= right) {
return;
}
} while (a[++left] >= a[left - 1]);
/* * Every element from adjoining part plays the role * of sentinel, therefore this allows us to avoid the * left range check on each iteration. Moreover, we use * the more optimized algorithm, so called pair insertion * sort, which is faster (in the context of Quicksort) * than traditional implementation of insertion sort. */
for (int k = left; ++left <= right; k = ++left) {
char a1 = a[k], a2 = a[left];
if (a1 < a2) {
a2 = a1; a1 = a[left];
}
while (a1 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 2] = a[k];
}
a[++k + 1] = a1;
while (a2 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 1] = a[k];
}
a[k + 1] = a2;
}
char last = a[right];
while (last < a[--right]) {
a[right + 1] = a[right];
}
a[right + 1] = last;
}
return;
}
// Inexpensive approximation of length / 7
int seventh = (length >> 3) + (length >> 6) + 1;
/* * Sort five evenly spaced elements around (and including) the * center element in the range. These elements will be used for * pivot selection as described below. The choice for spacing * these elements was empirically determined to work well on * a wide variety of inputs. */
int e3 = (left + right) >>> 1; // The midpoint
int e2 = e3 - seventh;
int e1 = e2 - seventh;
int e4 = e3 + seventh;
int e5 = e4 + seventh;
// Sort these elements using insertion sort
if (a[e2] < a[e1]) { char t = a[e2]; a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
if (a[e3] < a[e2]) { char t = a[e3]; a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
if (a[e4] < a[e3]) { char t = a[e4]; a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
if (a[e5] < a[e4]) { char t = a[e5]; a[e5] = a[e4]; a[e4] = t;
if (t < a[e3]) { a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
}
// Pointers
int less = left; // The index of the first element of center part
int great = right; // The index before the first element of right part
if (a[e1] != a[e2] && a[e2] != a[e3] && a[e3] != a[e4] && a[e4] != a[e5]) {
/* * Use the second and fourth of the five sorted elements as pivots. * These values are inexpensive approximations of the first and * second terciles of the array. Note that pivot1 <= pivot2. */
char pivot1 = a[e2];
char pivot2 = a[e4];
/* * The first and the last elements to be sorted are moved to the * locations formerly occupied by the pivots. When partitioning * is complete, the pivots are swapped back into their final * positions, and excluded from subsequent sorting. */
a[e2] = a[left];
a[e4] = a[right];
/* * Skip elements, which are less or greater than pivot values. */
while (a[++less] < pivot1);
while (a[--great] > pivot2);
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot1 | pivot1 <= && <= pivot2 | ? | > pivot2 | * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot1 * pivot1 <= all in [less, k) <= pivot2 * all in (great, right) > pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
char ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i++;" instead * of "a[i++] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak > pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] < pivot1) { // a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // pivot1 <= a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i--;" instead * of "a[i--] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
// Swap pivots into their final positions
a[left] = a[less - 1]; a[less - 1] = pivot1;
a[right] = a[great + 1]; a[great + 1] = pivot2;
// Sort left and right parts recursively, excluding known pivots
sort(a, left, less - 2, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 2, right, false);
/* * If center part is too large (comprises > 4/7 of the array), * swap internal pivot values to ends. */
if (less < e1 && e5 < great) {
/* * Skip elements, which are equal to pivot values. */
while (a[less] == pivot1) {
++less;
}
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
--great;
}
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * | == pivot1 | pivot1 < && < pivot2 | ? | == pivot2 | * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (*, less) == pivot1 * pivot1 < all in [less, k) < pivot2 * all in (great, *) == pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
char ak = a[k];
if (ak == pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak == pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] == pivot1) { // a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot1, the * assignment a[less] = pivot1 may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot1 are floating-point zeros * of different signs. Therefore in float and * double sorting methods we have to use more * accurate assignment a[less] = a[great]. */
a[less] = pivot1;
++less;
} else { // pivot1 < a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
}
// Sort center part recursively
sort(a, less, great, false);
} else { // Partitioning with one pivot
/* * Use the third of the five sorted elements as pivot. * This value is inexpensive approximation of the median. */
char pivot = a[e3];
/* * Partitioning degenerates to the traditional 3-way * (or "Dutch National Flag") schema: * * left part center part right part * +-------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot | == pivot | ? | > pivot | * +-------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot * all in [less, k) == pivot * all in (great, right) > pivot * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
for (int k = less; k <= great; ++k) {
if (a[k] == pivot) {
continue;
}
char ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else { // a[k] > pivot - Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot) {
--great;
}
if (a[great] < pivot) { // a[great] <= pivot
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // a[great] == pivot
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot, the * assignment a[k] = pivot may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot are floating-point * zeros of different signs. Therefore in float * and double sorting methods we have to use * more accurate assignment a[k] = a[great]. */
a[k] = pivot;
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
/* * Sort left and right parts recursively. * All elements from center part are equal * and, therefore, already sorted. */
sort(a, left, less - 1, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 1, right, false);
}
}
/** The number of distinct byte values. */
private static final int NUM_BYTE_VALUES = 1 << 8;
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted */
static void sort(byte[] a, int left, int right) {
// Use counting sort on large arrays
if (right - left > COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_BYTE) {
int[] count = new int[NUM_BYTE_VALUES];
for (int i = left - 1; ++i <= right;
count[a[i] - Byte.MIN_VALUE]++
);
for (int i = NUM_BYTE_VALUES, k = right + 1; k > left; ) {
while (count[--i] == 0);
byte value = (byte) (i + Byte.MIN_VALUE);
int s = count[i];
do {
a[--k] = value;
} while (--s > 0);
}
} else { // Use insertion sort on small arrays
for (int i = left, j = i; i < right; j = ++i) {
byte ai = a[i + 1];
while (ai < a[j]) {
a[j + 1] = a[j];
if (j-- == left) {
break;
}
}
a[j + 1] = ai;
}
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array using the given * workspace array slice if possible for merging * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param work a workspace array (slice) * @param workBase origin of usable space in work array * @param workLen usable size of work array */
static void sort(float[] a, int left, int right,
float[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
/* * Phase 1: Move NaNs to the end of the array. */
while (left <= right && Float.isNaN(a[right])) {
--right;
}
for (int k = right; --k >= left; ) {
float ak = a[k];
if (ak != ak) { // a[k] is NaN
a[k] = a[right];
a[right] = ak;
--right;
}
}
/* * Phase 2: Sort everything except NaNs (which are already in place). */
doSort(a, left, right, work, workBase, workLen);
/* * Phase 3: Place negative zeros before positive zeros. */
int hi = right;
/* * Find the first zero, or first positive, or last negative element. */
while (left < hi) {
int middle = (left + hi) >>> 1;
float middleValue = a[middle];
if (middleValue < 0.0f) {
left = middle + 1;
} else {
hi = middle;
}
}
/* * Skip the last negative value (if any) or all leading negative zeros. */
while (left <= right && Float.floatToRawIntBits(a[left]) < 0) {
++left;
}
/* * Move negative zeros to the beginning of the sub-range. * * Partitioning: * * +----------------------------------------------------+ * | < 0.0 | -0.0 | 0.0 | ? ( >= 0.0 ) | * +----------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * left p k * * Invariants: * * all in (*, left) < 0.0 * all in [left, p) == -0.0 * all in [p, k) == 0.0 * all in [k, right] >= 0.0 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
for (int k = left, p = left - 1; ++k <= right; ) {
float ak = a[k];
if (ak != 0.0f) {
break;
}
if (Float.floatToRawIntBits(ak) < 0) { // ak is -0.0f
a[k] = 0.0f;
a[++p] = -0.0f;
}
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param work a workspace array (slice) * @param workBase origin of usable space in work array * @param workLen usable size of work array */
private static void doSort(float[] a, int left, int right,
float[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
// Use Quicksort on small arrays
if (right - left < QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
/* * Index run[i] is the start of i-th run * (ascending or descending sequence). */
int[] run = new int[MAX_RUN_COUNT + 1];
int count = 0; run[0] = left;
// Check if the array is nearly sorted
for (int k = left; k < right; run[count] = k) {
if (a[k] < a[k + 1]) { // ascending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] <= a[k]);
} else if (a[k] > a[k + 1]) { // descending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] >= a[k]);
for (int lo = run[count] - 1, hi = k; ++lo < --hi; ) {
float t = a[lo]; a[lo] = a[hi]; a[hi] = t;
}
} else { // equal
for (int m = MAX_RUN_LENGTH; ++k <= right && a[k - 1] == a[k]; ) {
if (--m == 0) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
}
/* * The array is not highly structured, * use Quicksort instead of merge sort. */
if (++count == MAX_RUN_COUNT) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
// Check special cases
// Implementation note: variable "right" is increased by 1.
if (run[count] == right++) { // The last run contains one element
run[++count] = right;
} else if (count == 1) { // The array is already sorted
return;
}
// Determine alternation base for merge
byte odd = 0;
for (int n = 1; (n <<= 1) < count; odd ^= 1);
// Use or create temporary array b for merging
float[] b; // temp array; alternates with a
int ao, bo; // array offsets from 'left'
int blen = right - left; // space needed for b
if (work == null || workLen < blen || workBase + blen > work.length) {
work = new float[blen];
workBase = 0;
}
if (odd == 0) {
System.arraycopy(a, left, work, workBase, blen);
b = a;
bo = 0;
a = work;
ao = workBase - left;
} else {
b = work;
ao = 0;
bo = workBase - left;
}
// Merging
for (int last; count > 1; count = last) {
for (int k = (last = 0) + 2; k <= count; k += 2) {
int hi = run[k], mi = run[k - 1];
for (int i = run[k - 2], p = i, q = mi; i < hi; ++i) {
if (q >= hi || p < mi && a[p + ao] <= a[q + ao]) {
b[i + bo] = a[p++ + ao];
} else {
b[i + bo] = a[q++ + ao];
}
}
run[++last] = hi;
}
if ((count & 1) != 0) {
for (int i = right, lo = run[count - 1]; --i >= lo;
b[i + bo] = a[i + ao]
);
run[++last] = right;
}
float[] t = a; a = b; b = t;
int o = ao; ao = bo; bo = o;
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array by Dual-Pivot Quicksort. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param leftmost indicates if this part is the leftmost in the range */
private static void sort(float[] a, int left, int right, boolean leftmost) {
int length = right - left + 1;
// Use insertion sort on tiny arrays
if (length < INSERTION_SORT_THRESHOLD) {
if (leftmost) {
/* * Traditional (without sentinel) insertion sort, * optimized for server VM, is used in case of * the leftmost part. */
for (int i = left, j = i; i < right; j = ++i) {
float ai = a[i + 1];
while (ai < a[j]) {
a[j + 1] = a[j];
if (j-- == left) {
break;
}
}
a[j + 1] = ai;
}
} else {
/* * Skip the longest ascending sequence. */
do {
if (left >= right) {
return;
}
} while (a[++left] >= a[left - 1]);
/* * Every element from adjoining part plays the role * of sentinel, therefore this allows us to avoid the * left range check on each iteration. Moreover, we use * the more optimized algorithm, so called pair insertion * sort, which is faster (in the context of Quicksort) * than traditional implementation of insertion sort. */
for (int k = left; ++left <= right; k = ++left) {
float a1 = a[k], a2 = a[left];
if (a1 < a2) {
a2 = a1; a1 = a[left];
}
while (a1 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 2] = a[k];
}
a[++k + 1] = a1;
while (a2 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 1] = a[k];
}
a[k + 1] = a2;
}
float last = a[right];
while (last < a[--right]) {
a[right + 1] = a[right];
}
a[right + 1] = last;
}
return;
}
// Inexpensive approximation of length / 7
int seventh = (length >> 3) + (length >> 6) + 1;
/* * Sort five evenly spaced elements around (and including) the * center element in the range. These elements will be used for * pivot selection as described below. The choice for spacing * these elements was empirically determined to work well on * a wide variety of inputs. */
int e3 = (left + right) >>> 1; // The midpoint
int e2 = e3 - seventh;
int e1 = e2 - seventh;
int e4 = e3 + seventh;
int e5 = e4 + seventh;
// Sort these elements using insertion sort
if (a[e2] < a[e1]) { float t = a[e2]; a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
if (a[e3] < a[e2]) { float t = a[e3]; a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
if (a[e4] < a[e3]) { float t = a[e4]; a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
if (a[e5] < a[e4]) { float t = a[e5]; a[e5] = a[e4]; a[e4] = t;
if (t < a[e3]) { a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
}
// Pointers
int less = left; // The index of the first element of center part
int great = right; // The index before the first element of right part
if (a[e1] != a[e2] && a[e2] != a[e3] && a[e3] != a[e4] && a[e4] != a[e5]) {
/* * Use the second and fourth of the five sorted elements as pivots. * These values are inexpensive approximations of the first and * second terciles of the array. Note that pivot1 <= pivot2. */
float pivot1 = a[e2];
float pivot2 = a[e4];
/* * The first and the last elements to be sorted are moved to the * locations formerly occupied by the pivots. When partitioning * is complete, the pivots are swapped back into their final * positions, and excluded from subsequent sorting. */
a[e2] = a[left];
a[e4] = a[right];
/* * Skip elements, which are less or greater than pivot values. */
while (a[++less] < pivot1);
while (a[--great] > pivot2);
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot1 | pivot1 <= && <= pivot2 | ? | > pivot2 | * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot1 * pivot1 <= all in [less, k) <= pivot2 * all in (great, right) > pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
float ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i++;" instead * of "a[i++] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak > pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] < pivot1) { // a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // pivot1 <= a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i--;" instead * of "a[i--] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
// Swap pivots into their final positions
a[left] = a[less - 1]; a[less - 1] = pivot1;
a[right] = a[great + 1]; a[great + 1] = pivot2;
// Sort left and right parts recursively, excluding known pivots
sort(a, left, less - 2, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 2, right, false);
/* * If center part is too large (comprises > 4/7 of the array), * swap internal pivot values to ends. */
if (less < e1 && e5 < great) {
/* * Skip elements, which are equal to pivot values. */
while (a[less] == pivot1) {
++less;
}
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
--great;
}
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * | == pivot1 | pivot1 < && < pivot2 | ? | == pivot2 | * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (*, less) == pivot1 * pivot1 < all in [less, k) < pivot2 * all in (great, *) == pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
float ak = a[k];
if (ak == pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak == pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] == pivot1) { // a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot1, the * assignment a[less] = pivot1 may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot1 are floating-point zeros * of different signs. Therefore in float and * double sorting methods we have to use more * accurate assignment a[less] = a[great]. */
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // pivot1 < a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
}
// Sort center part recursively
sort(a, less, great, false);
} else { // Partitioning with one pivot
/* * Use the third of the five sorted elements as pivot. * This value is inexpensive approximation of the median. */
float pivot = a[e3];
/* * Partitioning degenerates to the traditional 3-way * (or "Dutch National Flag") schema: * * left part center part right part * +-------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot | == pivot | ? | > pivot | * +-------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot * all in [less, k) == pivot * all in (great, right) > pivot * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
for (int k = less; k <= great; ++k) {
if (a[k] == pivot) {
continue;
}
float ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else { // a[k] > pivot - Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot) {
--great;
}
if (a[great] < pivot) { // a[great] <= pivot
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // a[great] == pivot
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot, the * assignment a[k] = pivot may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot are floating-point * zeros of different signs. Therefore in float * and double sorting methods we have to use * more accurate assignment a[k] = a[great]. */
a[k] = a[great];
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
/* * Sort left and right parts recursively. * All elements from center part are equal * and, therefore, already sorted. */
sort(a, left, less - 1, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 1, right, false);
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array using the given * workspace array slice if possible for merging * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param work a workspace array (slice) * @param workBase origin of usable space in work array * @param workLen usable size of work array */
static void sort(double[] a, int left, int right,
double[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
/* * Phase 1: Move NaNs to the end of the array. */
while (left <= right && Double.isNaN(a[right])) {
--right;
}
for (int k = right; --k >= left; ) {
double ak = a[k];
if (ak != ak) { // a[k] is NaN
a[k] = a[right];
a[right] = ak;
--right;
}
}
/* * Phase 2: Sort everything except NaNs (which are already in place). */
doSort(a, left, right, work, workBase, workLen);
/* * Phase 3: Place negative zeros before positive zeros. */
int hi = right;
/* * Find the first zero, or first positive, or last negative element. */
while (left < hi) {
int middle = (left + hi) >>> 1;
double middleValue = a[middle];
if (middleValue < 0.0d) {
left = middle + 1;
} else {
hi = middle;
}
}
/* * Skip the last negative value (if any) or all leading negative zeros. */
while (left <= right && Double.doubleToRawLongBits(a[left]) < 0) {
++left;
}
/* * Move negative zeros to the beginning of the sub-range. * * Partitioning: * * +----------------------------------------------------+ * | < 0.0 | -0.0 | 0.0 | ? ( >= 0.0 ) | * +----------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * left p k * * Invariants: * * all in (*, left) < 0.0 * all in [left, p) == -0.0 * all in [p, k) == 0.0 * all in [k, right] >= 0.0 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
for (int k = left, p = left - 1; ++k <= right; ) {
double ak = a[k];
if (ak != 0.0d) {
break;
}
if (Double.doubleToRawLongBits(ak) < 0) { // ak is -0.0d
a[k] = 0.0d;
a[++p] = -0.0d;
}
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param work a workspace array (slice) * @param workBase origin of usable space in work array * @param workLen usable size of work array */
private static void doSort(double[] a, int left, int right,
double[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
// Use Quicksort on small arrays
if (right - left < QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
/* * Index run[i] is the start of i-th run * (ascending or descending sequence). */
int[] run = new int[MAX_RUN_COUNT + 1];
int count = 0; run[0] = left;
// Check if the array is nearly sorted
for (int k = left; k < right; run[count] = k) {
if (a[k] < a[k + 1]) { // ascending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] <= a[k]);
} else if (a[k] > a[k + 1]) { // descending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] >= a[k]);
for (int lo = run[count] - 1, hi = k; ++lo < --hi; ) {
double t = a[lo]; a[lo] = a[hi]; a[hi] = t;
}
} else { // equal
for (int m = MAX_RUN_LENGTH; ++k <= right && a[k - 1] == a[k]; ) {
if (--m == 0) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
}
/* * The array is not highly structured, * use Quicksort instead of merge sort. */
if (++count == MAX_RUN_COUNT) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
// Check special cases
// Implementation note: variable "right" is increased by 1.
if (run[count] == right++) { // The last run contains one element
run[++count] = right;
} else if (count == 1) { // The array is already sorted
return;
}
// Determine alternation base for merge
byte odd = 0;
for (int n = 1; (n <<= 1) < count; odd ^= 1);
// Use or create temporary array b for merging
double[] b; // temp array; alternates with a
int ao, bo; // array offsets from 'left'
int blen = right - left; // space needed for b
if (work == null || workLen < blen || workBase + blen > work.length) {
work = new double[blen];
workBase = 0;
}
if (odd == 0) {
System.arraycopy(a, left, work, workBase, blen);
b = a;
bo = 0;
a = work;
ao = workBase - left;
} else {
b = work;
ao = 0;
bo = workBase - left;
}
// Merging
for (int last; count > 1; count = last) {
for (int k = (last = 0) + 2; k <= count; k += 2) {
int hi = run[k], mi = run[k - 1];
for (int i = run[k - 2], p = i, q = mi; i < hi; ++i) {
if (q >= hi || p < mi && a[p + ao] <= a[q + ao]) {
b[i + bo] = a[p++ + ao];
} else {
b[i + bo] = a[q++ + ao];
}
}
run[++last] = hi;
}
if ((count & 1) != 0) {
for (int i = right, lo = run[count - 1]; --i >= lo;
b[i + bo] = a[i + ao]
);
run[++last] = right;
}
double[] t = a; a = b; b = t;
int o = ao; ao = bo; bo = o;
}
}
/** * Sorts the specified range of the array by Dual-Pivot Quicksort. * * @param a the array to be sorted * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted * @param leftmost indicates if this part is the leftmost in the range */
private static void sort(double[] a, int left, int right, boolean leftmost) {
int length = right - left + 1;
// Use insertion sort on tiny arrays
if (length < INSERTION_SORT_THRESHOLD) {
if (leftmost) {
/* * Traditional (without sentinel) insertion sort, * optimized for server VM, is used in case of * the leftmost part. */
for (int i = left, j = i; i < right; j = ++i) {
double ai = a[i + 1];
while (ai < a[j]) {
a[j + 1] = a[j];
if (j-- == left) {
break;
}
}
a[j + 1] = ai;
}
} else {
/* * Skip the longest ascending sequence. */
do {
if (left >= right) {
return;
}
} while (a[++left] >= a[left - 1]);
/* * Every element from adjoining part plays the role * of sentinel, therefore this allows us to avoid the * left range check on each iteration. Moreover, we use * the more optimized algorithm, so called pair insertion * sort, which is faster (in the context of Quicksort) * than traditional implementation of insertion sort. */
for (int k = left; ++left <= right; k = ++left) {
double a1 = a[k], a2 = a[left];
if (a1 < a2) {
a2 = a1; a1 = a[left];
}
while (a1 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 2] = a[k];
}
a[++k + 1] = a1;
while (a2 < a[--k]) {
a[k + 1] = a[k];
}
a[k + 1] = a2;
}
double last = a[right];
while (last < a[--right]) {
a[right + 1] = a[right];
}
a[right + 1] = last;
}
return;
}
// Inexpensive approximation of length / 7
int seventh = (length >> 3) + (length >> 6) + 1;
/* * Sort five evenly spaced elements around (and including) the * center element in the range. These elements will be used for * pivot selection as described below. The choice for spacing * these elements was empirically determined to work well on * a wide variety of inputs. */
int e3 = (left + right) >>> 1; // The midpoint
int e2 = e3 - seventh;
int e1 = e2 - seventh;
int e4 = e3 + seventh;
int e5 = e4 + seventh;
// Sort these elements using insertion sort
if (a[e2] < a[e1]) { double t = a[e2]; a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
if (a[e3] < a[e2]) { double t = a[e3]; a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
if (a[e4] < a[e3]) { double t = a[e4]; a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
if (a[e5] < a[e4]) { double t = a[e5]; a[e5] = a[e4]; a[e4] = t;
if (t < a[e3]) { a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
}
}
}
// Pointers
int less = left; // The index of the first element of center part
int great = right; // The index before the first element of right part
if (a[e1] != a[e2] && a[e2] != a[e3] && a[e3] != a[e4] && a[e4] != a[e5]) {
/* * Use the second and fourth of the five sorted elements as pivots. * These values are inexpensive approximations of the first and * second terciles of the array. Note that pivot1 <= pivot2. */
double pivot1 = a[e2];
double pivot2 = a[e4];
/* * The first and the last elements to be sorted are moved to the * locations formerly occupied by the pivots. When partitioning * is complete, the pivots are swapped back into their final * positions, and excluded from subsequent sorting. */
a[e2] = a[left];
a[e4] = a[right];
/* * Skip elements, which are less or greater than pivot values. */
while (a[++less] < pivot1);
while (a[--great] > pivot2);
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot1 | pivot1 <= && <= pivot2 | ? | > pivot2 | * +--------------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot1 * pivot1 <= all in [less, k) <= pivot2 * all in (great, right) > pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
double ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i++;" instead * of "a[i++] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak > pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] < pivot1) { // a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // pivot1 <= a[great] <= pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
/* * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i--;" instead * of "a[i--] = b;" due to performance issue. */
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
// Swap pivots into their final positions
a[left] = a[less - 1]; a[less - 1] = pivot1;
a[right] = a[great + 1]; a[great + 1] = pivot2;
// Sort left and right parts recursively, excluding known pivots
sort(a, left, less - 2, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 2, right, false);
/* * If center part is too large (comprises > 4/7 of the array), * swap internal pivot values to ends. */
if (less < e1 && e5 < great) {
/* * Skip elements, which are equal to pivot values. */
while (a[less] == pivot1) {
++less;
}
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
--great;
}
/* * Partitioning: * * left part center part right part * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * | == pivot1 | pivot1 < && < pivot2 | ? | == pivot2 | * +----------------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (*, less) == pivot1 * pivot1 < all in [less, k) < pivot2 * all in (great, *) == pivot2 * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
outer:
for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
double ak = a[k];
if (ak == pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else if (ak == pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] == pivot2) {
if (great-- == k) {
break outer;
}
}
if (a[great] == pivot1) { // a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[less];
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot1, the * assignment a[less] = pivot1 may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot1 are floating-point zeros * of different signs. Therefore in float and * double sorting methods we have to use more * accurate assignment a[less] = a[great]. */
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // pivot1 < a[great] < pivot2
a[k] = a[great];
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
}
// Sort center part recursively
sort(a, less, great, false);
} else { // Partitioning with one pivot
/* * Use the third of the five sorted elements as pivot. * This value is inexpensive approximation of the median. */
double pivot = a[e3];
/* * Partitioning degenerates to the traditional 3-way * (or "Dutch National Flag") schema: * * left part center part right part * +-------------------------------------------------+ * | < pivot | == pivot | ? | > pivot | * +-------------------------------------------------+ * ^ ^ ^ * | | | * less k great * * Invariants: * * all in (left, less) < pivot * all in [less, k) == pivot * all in (great, right) > pivot * * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part. */
for (int k = less; k <= great; ++k) {
if (a[k] == pivot) {
continue;
}
double ak = a[k];
if (ak < pivot) { // Move a[k] to left part
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = ak;
++less;
} else { // a[k] > pivot - Move a[k] to right part
while (a[great] > pivot) {
--great;
}
if (a[great] < pivot) { // a[great] <= pivot
a[k] = a[less];
a[less] = a[great];
++less;
} else { // a[great] == pivot
/* * Even though a[great] equals to pivot, the * assignment a[k] = pivot may be incorrect, * if a[great] and pivot are floating-point * zeros of different signs. Therefore in float * and double sorting methods we have to use * more accurate assignment a[k] = a[great]. */
a[k] = a[great];
}
a[great] = ak;
--great;
}
}
/* * Sort left and right parts recursively. * All elements from center part are equal * and, therefore, already sorted. */
sort(a, left, less - 1, leftmost);
sort(a, great + 1, right, false);
}
}
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