**摘要:**Hive UDF是什么?有什么用?怎么用?什么原理?本文从UDF使用入手,简要介绍相关源码,UDF从零开始。
本文分享自华为云社区《Hive UDF,就这》,作者:汤忒撒。
Hive中内置了很多函数,同时支持用户自行扩展,按规则添加后即可在sql执行过程中使用,目前支持UDF、UDTF、UDAF三种类型,一般UDF应用场景较多,本文主要介绍UDF使用,简要介绍相关源码。
UDF,(User Defined Function)用户自定义函数
UDTF,(User-defined Table Generating Function)自定义表生成函数,一行数据生成多行
UDAF,(User-defined Aggregation Function)用户自定义聚合函数,多行数据生成一行
UDF包含两种类型:1、临时函数仅当前会话中有效,退出后重新连接即无法使用;2、永久函数注册UDF信息到MetaStore元数据中,可永久使用。
实现UDF需要继承特定类UDF或GenericUDF二选一。
UDF使用需要将编写的UDF类编译为jar包添加到Hive中,根据需要创建临时函数或永久函数。
Hive支持向会话中添加资源,支持文件、jar、存档,添加后即可在sql中直接引用,仅当前会话有效,默认读取本地路径,支持hdfs等,路径不加引号。例:add jar /opt/ht/AddUDF.jar;
添加资源
ADD { FILE[S] | JAR[S] | ARCHIVE[S] } <filepath1> [<filepath2>]*
查看资源
LIST { FILE[S] | JAR[S] | ARCHIVE[S] } [<filepath1> <filepath2> ..]
删除资源
DELETE { FILE[S] | JAR[S] | ARCHIVE[S] } [<filepath1> <filepath2> ..]
仅当前会话有效,不支持指定数据库,USING路径需加引号。
CREATE TEMPORARY FUNCTION function_name AS class_name [USING JAR|FILE|ARCHIVE 'file_uri' [, JAR|FILE|ARCHIVE 'file_uri'] ];
DROP TEMPORARY FUNCTION [IF EXISTS] function_name;
函数信息入库,永久有效,USING路径需加引号。临时函数与永久函数均可使用USING语句,Hive会自动添加指定文件到当前环境中,效果与add语句相同,执行后即可list查看已添加的文件或jar包。
CREATE FUNCTION [db_name.]function_name AS class_name [USING JAR|FILE|ARCHIVE 'file_uri' [, JAR|FILE|ARCHIVE 'file_uri'] ];
DROP FUNCTION [IF EXISTS] function_name;
RELOAD (FUNCTIONS|FUNCTION);
查看所有函数,不区分临时函数与永久函数
show functions;
函数模糊查询,此处为查询x开头的函数
show functions like 'x*';
查看函数描述
desc function function_name;
查看函数详细描述
desc function extended function_name;
Hive已定义注解类型org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.Description,用于执行desc function [extended] function_name时介绍函数功能,内置函数与自定义函数用法相同。
【备注】若Description注解名称与创建UDF时指定名称不同,以创建UDF时指定名称为准。
public @interface Description {
//函数简单介绍
String value() default "_FUNC_ is undocumented";
//函数详细使用说明
String extended() default "";
//函数名称
String name() default "";
}
例:Hive内置ceil函数GenericUDFCeil代码定义如下,
desc function ceil;
desc function extended ceil;
继承UDF类必须实现evaluate方法,支持定义多个evaluate方法不同参数列表用于处理不同类型数据,如下
public Text evaluate(Text s)
public int evaluate(Integer s)
…
实现UDF函数,若字符串执行拼接,int类型执行加法运算。
@Description(
name="my_plus",
value="my_plus() - if string, do concat; if integer, do plus",
extended = "Example : \n >select my_plus('a', 'b');\n >ab\n >select my_plus(3, 5);\n >8"
)
public class AddUDF extends UDF {
public String evaluate(String... parameters) {
if (parameters == null || parameters.length == 0) {
return null;
}
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (String param : parameters) {
sb.append(param);
}
return sb.toString();
}
public int evaluate(IntWritable... parameters) {
if (parameters == null || parameters.length == 0) {
return 0;
}
long sum = 0;
for (IntWritable currentNum : parameters) {
sum = Math.addExact(sum, currentNum.get());
}
return (int) sum;
}
}
hdfs dfs -put AddUDF.jar /tmp/ht/
create function my_plus as 'com.huawei.ht.test.AddUDF' using jar 'hdfs:///tmp/ht/AddUDF.jar';
desc function my_plus;
desc function extended my_plus;
UDF添加后记录在元数据表FUNCS、FUNC_RU表中
UDF类调用入口为方法解析器,默认方法解析器DefaultUDFMethodResolver,执行时由解析器反射获取UDF类的evaluate方法执行,类代码如下:
UDF
public class UDF {
//udf方法解析器
private UDFMethodResolver rslv;
//默认构造器DefaultUDFMethodResolver
public UDF() {
rslv = new DefaultUDFMethodResolver(this.getClass());
}
protected UDF(UDFMethodResolver rslv) {
this.rslv = rslv;
}
public void setResolver(UDFMethodResolver rslv) {
this.rslv = rslv;
}
public UDFMethodResolver getResolver() {
return rslv;
}
public String[] getRequiredJars() {
return null;
}
public String[] getRequiredFiles() {
return null;
}
}
DefaultUDFMethodResolver
public class DefaultUDFMethodResolver implements UDFMethodResolver {
//The class of the UDF.
private final Class<? extends UDF> udfClass;
public DefaultUDFMethodResolver(Class<? extends UDF> udfClass) {
this.udfClass = udfClass;
}
@Override
public Method getEvalMethod(List<TypeInfo> argClasses) throws UDFArgumentException {
return FunctionRegistry.getMethodInternal(udfClass, "evaluate", false, argClasses);
}
}
GenericUDF相比与UDF功能更丰富,支持所有参数类型,参数类型由ObjectInspector封装;参数Writable类由DeferredObject封装,使用时简单类型可直接从Writable获取,复杂类型可由ObjectInspector解析。
继承GenericUDF必须实现如下3个接口:
//初始化,ObjectInspector为数据类型封装类,无实际参数值,返回结果类型
public ObjectInspector initialize(ObjectInspector[] objectInspectors) throws UDFArgumentException {
return null;
}
//DeferredObject封装实际参数的对应Writable类
public Object evaluate(DeferredObject[] deferredObjects) throws HiveException {
return null;
}
//函数信息
public String getDisplayString(String[] strings) {
return null;
}
自定义函数实现count函数,支持int与long类型,Hive中无long类型,对应类型为bigint,create function与数据库保存与UDF一致,此处不再赘述。
initialize,遍历ObjectInspector[]检查每个参数类型,根据参数类型构造ObjectInspectorConverters.Converter,用于将Hive传递的参数类型转换为对应的Writable封装对象ObjectInspector,供后续统一处理。
evaluate,初始化时已记录每个参数具体类型,从DeferredObject中获取对象,根据类型使用对应Converter对象转换为Writable执行计算。
例:处理int类型,
UDF查询常量时,DeferredObject中封装类型为IntWritable;
UDF查询表字段时,DeferredObject中封装类型为LazyInteger。
@Description(
name="my_count",
value="my_count(...) - count int or long type numbers",
extended = "Example :\n >select my_count(3, 5);\n >8\n >select my_count(3, 5, 25);\n >33"
)
public class MyCountUDF extends GenericUDF {
private PrimitiveObjectInspector.PrimitiveCategory[] inputType;
private transient ObjectInspectorConverters.Converter intConverter;
private transient ObjectInspectorConverters.Converter longConverter;
@Override
public ObjectInspector initialize(ObjectInspector[] objectInspectors) throws UDFArgumentException {
int length = objectInspectors.length;
inputType = new PrimitiveObjectInspector.PrimitiveCategory[length];
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
ObjectInspector currentOI = objectInspectors[i];
ObjectInspector.Category type = currentOI.getCategory();
if (type != ObjectInspector.Category.PRIMITIVE) {
throw new UDFArgumentException("The function my_count need PRIMITIVE Category, but get " + type);
}
PrimitiveObjectInspector.PrimitiveCategory primitiveType =
((PrimitiveObjectInspector) currentOI).getPrimitiveCategory();
inputType[i] = primitiveType;
switch (primitiveType) {
case INT:
if (intConverter == null) {
ObjectInspector intOI = PrimitiveObjectInspectorFactory.getPrimitiveWritableObjectInspector(primitiveType);
intConverter = ObjectInspectorConverters.getConverter(currentOI, intOI);
}
break;
case LONG:
if (longConverter == null) {
ObjectInspector longOI = PrimitiveObjectInspectorFactory.getPrimitiveWritableObjectInspector(primitiveType);
longConverter = ObjectInspectorConverters.getConverter(currentOI, longOI);
}
break;
default:
throw new UDFArgumentException("The function my_count need INT OR BIGINT, but get " + primitiveType);
}
}
return PrimitiveObjectInspectorFactory.writableLongObjectInspector;
}
@Override
public Object evaluate(DeferredObject[] deferredObjects) throws HiveException {
LongWritable out = new LongWritable();
for (int i = 0; i < deferredObjects.length; i++) {
PrimitiveObjectInspector.PrimitiveCategory type = this.inputType[i];
Object param = deferredObjects[i].get();
switch (type) {
case INT:
Object intObject = intConverter.convert(param);
out.set(Math.addExact(out.get(), ((IntWritable) intObject).get()));
break;
case LONG:
Object longObject = longConverter.convert(param);
out.set(Math.addExact(out.get(), ((LongWritable) longObject).get()));
break;
default:
throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected type in MyCountUDF evaluate : " + type);
}
}
return out;
}
@Override
public String getDisplayString(String[] strings) {
return "my_count(" + Joiner.on(", ").join(strings) + ")";
}
}
create function my_count as 'com.huawei.ht.test.MyCountUDF' using jar 'hdfs:///tmp/countUDF.jar';
create table test_numeric(i1 int, b1 bigint, b2 bigint, i2 int, i3 int);
insert into table test_numeric values(0, -10, 25, 300, 15), (11, 22, 33, 44, 55);
select , my_count() from test_numeric;
GenericUDF内部定义了方法调用顺序,子类实现相应功能即可,调用时根据函数名称从FunctionRegistry中获取UDF对象,返回执行结果。
Hive中数据类型均使用ObjectInspector封装,为区分普通类型与负责结构类型,定义枚举Category,共包含PRIMITIVE,LIST,MAP,STRUCT,UNION这5种类型,其中PRIMITIVE表示普通类型(int、long、double等)。
ObjectInspector
public interface ObjectInspector extends Cloneable {
//用于类型名称
String getTypeName();
//用于获取ObjectInspector封装的字段类型
ObjectInspector.Category getCategory();
public static enum Category {
PRIMITIVE,
LIST,
MAP,
STRUCT,
UNION;
private Category() {
}
}
}
PrimitiveObjectInspector.PrimitiveCategory,基本类型
public static enum PrimitiveCategory {
VOID,
BOOLEAN,
BYTE,
SHORT,
INT,
LONG,
…
}
GenericUDF. initializeAndFoldConstants
调用initialize获取输出ObjectInspector,若为常量类型,直接evaluate计算结果值。
此方法编译阶段通过AST构造Operator遍历sql节点时,常量直接计算结果值,其他类型仅执行initialize。
计算表字段时,在MR等任务中,Operator执行时调用initialize、evaluate计算结果值(例:SelectOperator)。
public ObjectInspector initializeAndFoldConstants(ObjectInspector[] arguments) throws UDFArgumentException {
ObjectInspector oi = this.initialize(arguments);
if (this.getRequiredFiles() == null && this.getRequiredJars() == null) {
boolean allConstant = true;
for(int ii = 0; ii < arguments.length; ++ii) {
if (!ObjectInspectorUtils.isConstantObjectInspector(arguments[ii])) {
allConstant = false;
break;
}
}
if (allConstant && !ObjectInspectorUtils.isConstantObjectInspector((ObjectInspector)oi) && FunctionRegistry.isConsistentWithinQuery(this) && ObjectInspectorUtils.supportsConstantObjectInspector((ObjectInspector)oi)) {
GenericUDF.DeferredObject[] argumentValues = new GenericUDF.DeferredJavaObject[arguments.length];
for(int ii = 0; ii < arguments.length; ++ii) {
argumentValues[ii] = new GenericUDF.DeferredJavaObject(((ConstantObjectInspector)arguments[ii]).getWritableConstantValue());
}
try {
Object constantValue = this.evaluate(argumentValues);
oi = ObjectInspectorUtils.getConstantObjectInspector((ObjectInspector)oi, constantValue);
} catch (HiveException var6) {
throw new UDFArgumentException(var6);
}
}
return (ObjectInspector)oi;
} else {
return (ObjectInspector)oi;
}
}
Hive SQL中,“+、-、*、/、=”等运算符都是是UDF函数,在FunctionRegistry中声明,所有UDF均在编译阶段由AST生成Operator树时解析,常量直接计算结果值,其他类型仅初始化,获取输出类型用于生成Operator树,后续在Operator真正执行时计算结果值。
static {
HIVE_OPERATORS.addAll(Arrays.asList(
"+", "-", "*", "/", "%", "div", "&", "|", "^", "~",
"and", "or", "not", "!",
"=", "==", "<=>", "!=", "<>", "<", "<=", ">", ">=",
"index"));
}
Hive中包含BUILTIN, PERSISTENT, TEMPORARY三种函数;
public static enum FunctionType {
BUILTIN, PERSISTENT, TEMPORARY;
}
Hive的所有UDF均由FunctionRegistry管理,FunctionRegistry仅管理内存中的UDF,不操作数据库。
内置函数都在FunctionRegistry静态块中初始化,不在数据库中记录;用户自定义UDF添加、删除都在HiveServer本地执行,临时函数在SessionState中处理,永久函数由FunctionTask调用FunctionRegistry对应方法处理,加载后FunctionTask负责写库。
public final class FunctionRegistry {
…
private static final Registry system = new Registry(true);
static {
system.registerGenericUDF("concat", GenericUDFConcat.class);
system.registerUDF("substr", UDFSubstr.class, false);
…
}
…
public static void registerTemporaryMacro(
String macroName, ExprNodeDesc body, List<String> colNames, List<TypeInfo> colTypes) {
SessionState.getRegistryForWrite().registerMacro(macroName, body, colNames, colTypes);
}
public static FunctionInfo registerPermanentFunction(String functionName,
String className, boolean registerToSession, FunctionResource[] resources) {
return system.registerPermanentFunction(functionName, className, registerToSession, resources);
}
…
}
Hive中UDF与GenericUDF实际均以GenericUDF方式处理,通过GenericUDFBridge适配,GenericUDFBridge继承GenericUDF。
添加UDF时,FunctionRegistry调用Registry对象添加UDF,Registry将UDF封装为GenericUDFBridge保存到内置中。
Registry
private FunctionInfo registerUDF(String functionName, FunctionType functionType,
Class<? extends UDF> UDFClass, boolean isOperator, String displayName,
FunctionResource... resources) {
validateClass(UDFClass, UDF.class);
FunctionInfo fI = new FunctionInfo(functionType, displayName,
new GenericUDFBridge(displayName, isOperator, UDFClass.getName()), resources);
addFunction(functionName, fI);
return fI;
}
GenericUDFBridge
内部根据参数反射获取UDF类evaluate方法并适配参数,自动转化为相应类型,故UDF不需要感知函数本地执行与yarn运行时的具体类型是否一致。
部分代码如下:
public GenericUDFBridge(String udfName, boolean isOperator,
String udfClassName) {
this.udfName = udfName;
this.isOperator = isOperator;
this.udfClassName = udfClassName;
}
@Override
public ObjectInspector initialize(ObjectInspector[] arguments) throws UDFArgumentException {
//初始化UDF对象
try {
udf = (UDF)getUdfClassInternal().newInstance();
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new UDFArgumentException(
"Unable to instantiate UDF implementation class " + udfClassName + ": " + e);
}
// Resolve for the method based on argument types
ArrayList<TypeInfo> argumentTypeInfos = new ArrayList<TypeInfo>(
arguments.length);
for (ObjectInspector argument : arguments) {
argumentTypeInfos.add(TypeInfoUtils
.getTypeInfoFromObjectInspector(argument));
}
udfMethod = udf.getResolver().getEvalMethod(argumentTypeInfos);
udfMethod.setAccessible(true);
// Create parameter converters
conversionHelper = new ConversionHelper(udfMethod, arguments);
// Create the non-deferred realArgument
realArguments = new Object[arguments.length];
// Get the return ObjectInspector.
ObjectInspector returnOI = ObjectInspectorFactory
.getReflectionObjectInspector(udfMethod.getGenericReturnType(),
ObjectInspectorOptions.JAVA);
return returnOI;
}
@Override
public Object evaluate(DeferredObject[] arguments) throws HiveException {
assert (arguments.length == realArguments.length);
// Calculate all the arguments
for (int i = 0; i < realArguments.length; i++) {
realArguments[i] = arguments[i].get();
}
// Call the function,反射执行UDF类evaluate方法
Object result = FunctionRegistry.invoke(udfMethod, udf, conversionHelper
.convertIfNecessary(realArguments));
// For non-generic UDF, type info isn't available. This poses a problem for Hive Decimal.
// If the returned value is HiveDecimal, we assume maximum precision/scale.
if (result != null && result instanceof HiveDecimalWritable) {
result = HiveDecimalWritable.enforcePrecisionScale
((HiveDecimalWritable) result,
HiveDecimal.SYSTEM_DEFAULT_PRECISION,
HiveDecimal.SYSTEM_DEFAULT_SCALE);
}
return result;
}
sql中使用函数时,可能有3处调用,不同版本代码行数可能不一致,流程类似。
TypeCheckProcFactory.getXpathOrFuncExprNodeDesc中根据sql中运算符或UDF名称生成表达式对象ExprNodeGenericFuncDesc,内部调用GenericUDF方法。
此优化器默认开启,可参数控制"hive.optimize.constant.propagation"。
ConstantPropagate优化时遍历节点,尝试提前计算常量表达式,由ConstantPropagateProcFactory.evaluateFunction计算UDF。
Operator真正执行时,由ExprNodeGenericFuncEvaluator. _evaluate处理每行数据,计算UDF结果值。
@Override
protected Object _evaluate(Object row, int version) throws HiveException {
if (isConstant) {
// The output of this UDF is constant, so don't even bother evaluating.
return ((ConstantObjectInspector) outputOI).getWritableConstantValue();
}
rowObject = row;
for (GenericUDF.DeferredObject deferredObject : childrenNeedingPrepare) {
deferredObject.prepare(version);
}
return genericUDF.evaluate(deferredChildren);
}
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