我发现问题出在一些hadoop配置中。似乎hive无法检测群集配置。
因为我使用的是hadoop2.6.0，所以我已经根据版本更改了mapred-site.xml，请参见下面的mapred-site.xml文件

<property>
        <name>mapreduce.framework.name</name>
        <value>yarn</value>
    </property>
<property>
  <name>mapreduce.jobtracker.address</name>
  <value>hadoopMaster:54311</value>
  <description>The host and port that the MapReduce job tracker runs
  at.  If "local", then jobs are run in-process as a single map
  and reduce task.
  </description>
</property>

<property>
  <name>mapreduce.jobtracker.http.address</name>
  <value>hadoopMaster:50030</value>
  <description>The host and port that the MapReduce job tracker runs
  at.  If "local", then jobs are run in-process as a single map
  and reduce task.
  </description>
</property>

这是apache hadoop中mapred-site.xml的默认值。
https://hadoop.apache.org/docs/r2.6.0/hadoop-mapreduce-client/hadoop-mapreduce-client-core/mapred-default.xml