将文件放入hdfs中不存在的目录需要两个步骤。如@rt vybor所述，使用mkdir的'-p'选项创建多个缺少的路径元素。但是由于op询问了如何将文件放入hdfs，下面还将执行hdfs put，注意您还可以（可选）检查put是否成功，并有条件地删除本地副本。
首先在hdfs中创建相关的目录路径，然后将文件放入hdfs中。在放入hdfs之前，您需要检查文件是否存在。您可能希望记录/显示文件已成功放入hdfs。以下是所有步骤的组合。

fn=myfile.txt
if [ -f $fn ] ; then
  bfn=`basename $fn` #trim path from filename
  hdfs dfs -mkdir -p /here/is/some/non/existant/path/in/hdfs/
  hdfs dfs -put $fn /here/is/some/non/existant/path/in/hdfs/$bfn
  hdfs dfs -ls /here/is/some/non/existant/path/in/hdfs/$bfn
  success=$? #check whether file landed in hdfs
  if [ $success ] ; then
    echo "remove local copy of file $fn"
    #rm -f $fn #uncomment if you want to remove file
  fi
fi

您可以将其转换为shell脚本，采用hadoop路径和文件列表（也只能创建一次路径），

# !/bin/bash

hdfsp=${1}
shift;
hdfs dfs -mkdir -p /here/is/some/non/existant/path/in/hdfs/
for fn in $*; do
  if [ -f $fn ] ; then
    bfn=`basename $fn` #trim path from filename
    hdfs dfs -put $fn /here/is/some/non/existant/path/in/hdfs/$bfn
    hdfs dfs -ls /here/is/some/non/existant/path/in/hdfs/$bfn >/dev/null
    success=$? #check whether file landed in hdfs
    if [ $success ] ; then
      echo "remove local copy of file $fn"
      #rm -f $fn #uncomment if you want to remove file
    fi
  fi
done

现在你应该用 hadoop fs -mkdir -p <path>

编辑注：警告此答案表示不正确 hadoop fs ... 已弃用，请改用： hdfs dfs -mkdir ....