我现在就是这样解决的：
功能

function databaseChanges(Carbon $dateTime): array
{
    $schema = config('database.connections.mysql.database');
    $tables = DB::select(
            "
                    SELECT `table_name`
                    FROM `information_schema`.`tables`
                    WHERE true
                        AND `table_type` = 'base table'
                        AND `table_schema`= ?
                "
            , [$schema]
    );
    $result = [];
    foreach ($tables as $table) {
        try {
            $records = DB::table($table->table_name)
                ->select('created_at', 'updated_at')
                ->where('created_at', $dateTime)
                ->orWhere('updated_at', $dateTime)
                ->get();
            if ($records->count() > 0) {
                $result[$table->table_name] = $records;
            }
        } catch (QueryException $ex) {
            //\Log::debug(get_class($ex));
        }
    }

    return $result;
}

单元测试

class DataBaseTest extends TestCase
{

    use DatabaseTransactions;

    public function test_data_base_changes(): void
    {
        $now = Carbon::now();
        Carbon::setTestNow($now); // stop the time

        $user = factory(User::class)->create();

        $changes = databaseChanges($now);

        $this->assertSame(['accounts', 'users'], array_keys($changes));
    }

}