你可以这样做：
sql小提琴
mysql 5.6架构设置：

CREATE TABLE fruit
    (`text` varchar(11), `id` int, `time_end` int, `parent_id` int)
;
INSERT INTO fruit
    (`text`, `id`, `time_end`, `parent_id`)
VALUES
    ('banana tree', 23, 200, 7),
    ('tomato vine', 84, 500, 7),
    ('pear tree', 13, 800, 7),
    ('apple tree', 40, 1000, 7),
    ('grape vine', 15, 1800, 7)
;

查询1：

SELECT a.text,a.id, a.time_end,
 IFNULL((select max(time_end) from fruit where time_end < a.time_end),0) as time_start,
 a.parent_id 
 FROM fruit a WHERE a.text LIKE '%tree'

结果：

|        text | id | time_end | time_start | parent_id |
|-------------|----|----------|------------|-----------|
| banana tree | 23 |      200 |          0 |         7 |
|   pear tree | 13 |      800 |        500 |         7 |
|  apple tree | 40 |     1000 |        800 |         7 |