不清楚您是否希望列号作为数组的一部分。但是要打印带有索引的数组，可以这样做。

public char[][] fillFieldWithWarFog() {
    char[] indices = "ABCDEFGHIJ".toCharArray();
    for (int row = 0; row < gameField.length; row++) {
            gameField[row][0] = indices[row];
        for (int col = 1; col < gameField[row].length; col++) {
            gameField[row][col] = '~';
        }
    }
    return this.gameField;
}
char[][] fog = fillFieldWithWarFog();
for (int row = 0; row < fog.length; row++) {
    for (int col = 0; col < fog[row].length; col++) {
        System.out.printf(" %s", fog[row][col]);
    }
    System.out.println();
}

印刷品

A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

准备要打印的数组-添加顶部和左侧索引：

private static String printArray(char[][] arr, int d) {
    // line with digits above the field
    String title = "  " + IntStream.range(1, d)
            .mapToObj(i -> (char) ('0' + i))
            .map(String::valueOf)
            .collect(Collectors.joining(" ")) + " " + d;
    // add letters to the left of each row of the field
    String field = IntStream.range(0, d)
            .mapToObj(i -> (char) ('A' + i) +
                    String.valueOf(arr[i]).replace("", " "))
            .collect(Collectors.joining("\n"));
    return title + "\n" + field;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    int d = 10;
    char[][] field = new char[d][d];
    Arrays.stream(field).forEach(arr -> Arrays.fill(arr, '~'));
    System.out.println(printArray(field, d));
}

输出：

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 
B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 
C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 
D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 
E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 
F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 
G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 
H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 
I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 
J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~