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改进这个问题
在ubuntu18.04上，我安装了docker。在docker上我安装了一个ubuntu的映像。在这个ubuntu映像之上，我安装了spark3.1.1和hadoop2.7。
在spark上，我通过键入
启动主机.sh
当我尝试使用spark用户界面时
http://localhost:8080/
在我的本地ubuntu系统浏览器中，我得到了一条消息
无法连接
如何访问spark web用户界面？
以下是spark日志文件内容：

root@23d865d7f117:/opt/spark# cat logs/spark--org.apache.spark.deploy.master.Master-1-23d865d7f117.out
Spark Command: /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java -cp /opt/spark/conf/:/opt/spark/jars/* -Xmx1g org.apache.spark.deploy.master.Master --host 23d865d7f117 --port 7077 --webui-port 8080
========================================
Using Spark's default log4j profile: org/apache/spark/log4j-defaults.properties
21/03/30 19:26:23 INFO Master: Started daemon with process name: 13951@23d865d7f117
21/03/30 19:26:23 INFO SignalUtils: Registering signal handler for TERM
21/03/30 19:26:23 INFO SignalUtils: Registering signal handler for HUP
21/03/30 19:26:23 INFO SignalUtils: Registering signal handler for INT
WARNING: An illegal reflective access operation has occurred
WARNING: Illegal reflective access by org.apache.spark.unsafe.Platform (file:/opt/spark/jars/spark-unsafe_2.12-3.1.1.jar) to constructor java.nio.DirectByteBuffer(long,int)
WARNING: Please consider reporting this to the maintainers of org.apache.spark.unsafe.Platform
WARNING: Use --illegal-access=warn to enable warnings of further illegal reflective access operations
WARNING: All illegal access operations will be denied in a future release
21/03/30 19:26:25 WARN NativeCodeLoader: Unable to load native-hadoop library for your platform... using builtin-java classes where applicable
21/03/30 19:26:25 INFO SecurityManager: Changing view acls to: root
21/03/30 19:26:25 INFO SecurityManager: Changing modify acls to: root
21/03/30 19:26:25 INFO SecurityManager: Changing view acls groups to: 
21/03/30 19:26:25 INFO SecurityManager: Changing modify acls groups to: 
21/03/30 19:26:25 INFO SecurityManager: SecurityManager: authentication disabled; ui acls disabled; users  with view permissions: Set(root); groups with view permissions: Set(); users  with modify permissions: Set(root); groups with modify permissions: Set()
21/03/30 19:26:27 INFO Utils: Successfully started service 'sparkMaster' on port 7077.
21/03/30 19:26:27 INFO Master: Starting Spark master at spark://23d865d7f117:7077
21/03/30 19:26:27 INFO Master: Running Spark version 3.1.1
21/03/30 19:26:28 INFO Utils: Successfully started service 'MasterUI' on port 8080.
21/03/30 19:26:28 INFO MasterWebUI: Bound MasterWebUI to 0.0.0.0, and started at http://23d865d7f117:8080
21/03/30 19:26:28 INFO Master: I have been elected leader! New state: ALIVE
root@23d865d7f117:/opt/spark#

问题更新
按照你下面的答案，我试着应用你的答案，但遇到了一些困难。我做到了：
我已从容器中退出，并使用以下方式登录：
sudo docker运行-it-p8080:8080 ubuntu
然后我尝试启动独立的spark主服务器：
启动主机.sh
收到以下信息：
bash:start-master.sh:未找到命令
所以我又开始了设置环境变量的过程：

echo "export SPARK_HOME=/opt/spark" >> ~/.profile
export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/bin:/sbin:$SPARK_HOME/bin:$SPARK_HOME/sbin
echo $PATH
echo "export PYSPARK_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3" >> ~/.profile

以下是文件的输出。配置文件：

root@291b0eb654ea:/# cat ~/.profile

# ~/.profile: executed by Bourne-compatible login shells.

if [ "$BASH" ]; then
  if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
    . ~/.bashrc
  fi
fi

mesg n 2> /dev/null || true
export SPARK_HOME=/opt/spark
export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/bin:/sbin:/opt/spark/bin:/opt/spark/sbin
export PYSPARK_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3

我还键入了以下命令：
root@291b0eb654ea：/#源~/.配置文件
我仍然收到以下信息：
bash:start-master.sh:未找到命令
我少了什么？