如果您询问如何在插入符号位置显示listview，请检查以下方法。这是在当前插入符号位置显示listview的一般高级方法。您可以关联逻辑并根据您的要求进行更改。
我相信这会给你关于如何接近的必要的基础知识。尽管如此，还有许多其他更好的方法。
其核心思想是依赖插入符号节点（路径）边界，而不是通过复杂的计算来寻找插入符号在文本中的位置。

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.geometry.Bounds;
import javafx.geometry.Insets;
import javafx.scene.Node;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.control.ListView;
import javafx.scene.control.TextArea;
import javafx.scene.layout.Priority;
import javafx.scene.layout.Region;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.scene.shape.Path;
import javafx.stage.Popup;
import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class TextAreaCaretPositionDemo extends Application {
    private Bounds caretBoundsInScreen;
    private Node caret;

    @Override
    public void start(Stage stage) throws Exception {
        final VBox root = new VBox();
        root.setSpacing(10);
        root.setPadding(new Insets(10));
        final Scene sc = new Scene(root, 350, 200);
        stage.setScene(sc);
        stage.setTitle("TextArea Caret Position");
        stage.show();

        TextArea textArea = new TextArea() {
            @Override
            protected void layoutChildren() {
                super.layoutChildren();
                if (caret == null) {
                    final Region content = (Region) lookup(".content");
                    // Looking for the caret path node and add a listener to its bounds to keep track of its position in screen.
                    content.getChildrenUnmodifiable().stream()
                            .filter(node -> node instanceof Path)
                            .map(node -> (Path) node)
                            // Find a more better way to find the caret path node
                            .filter(path -> path.getStrokeWidth() == 1 && path.fillProperty().isBound() && path.strokeProperty().isBound())
                            .findFirst().ifPresent(path -> {
                        path.boundsInLocalProperty().addListener((obs, old, bounds) -> {
                            if (bounds.getWidth() > 0 && bounds.getHeight() > 0) {
                                caretBoundsInScreen = path.localToScreen(bounds);
                            }
                        });
                        caret = path;
                    });
                }
            }
        };
        textArea.setWrapText(true);
        VBox.setVgrow(textArea, Priority.ALWAYS);

        ListView<String> list = new ListView<>();
        list.setPrefSize(150,200);
        list.getItems().addAll("One","Two","Three");
        Popup popup = new Popup();
        popup.setAutoHide(true);
        popup.getContent().addAll(list);

        Button show = new Button("Show ListView");
        show.setOnAction(e->{
            popup.show(caret, caretBoundsInScreen.getMinX(), caretBoundsInScreen.getMaxY());
        });
        root.getChildren().addAll(show,textArea);

        textArea.setText("Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.");
    }
}

利用sai的答案，我创建了自己的解决方案！

codeArea.textProperty().addListener(new ChangeListener<String>()
    {
        @Override
        public void changed(ObservableValue<? extends String> observableValue, String s, String s2) {

            String curr = "";
            String currFinal = "";
            for (int i = codeArea.getAnchor(); i > 0; i--) {
                if (codeArea.getText().charAt(i) == '\n' || codeArea.getText().charAt(i) == ' ') {
                    break;
                }else {
                    curr += codeArea.getText().charAt(i);
                }
            }

            for (int i = curr.length()-1; i >= 0; i--) {
                currFinal += curr.charAt(i);
            }

            if (currFinal != "") {
                ArrayList<String> fil = new ArrayList<String>();
                for (int i = 0; i < keyphrases.length; i++) {
                    if (keyphrases[i].contains(currFinal)) {
                        fil.add(keyphrases[i]);
                    }
                }
                System.out.println("Fil " + fil);
                if (popup != null) {
                    popup.hide();
                }
                if (fil.size() > 0) {

                    ListView lop = new ListView();
                    for (int i = 0; i < fil.size(); i++) {
                        lop.getItems().add(fil.get(i));
                    }

                    popup = new Popup();

                    lop.setMaxHeight(80);
                    popup.getContent().addAll(lop);
                    popup.show(codeArea, codeArea.getCaretBounds().get().getMaxX(), codeArea.getCaretBounds().get().getMaxY());
                    codeArea.requestFocus();

                }
                codeArea.requestFocus();
            }else { 
                if (popup != null) {
                    popup.hide();
                }
            }
        }

    });