可以使用条件聚合和 row_number() :

select max(case when seqnum % 10 = 0 then number end) as number_1,
       max(case when seqnum % 10 = 1 then number end) as number_2,
       . . .
       max(case when seqnum % 10 = 9 then number end) as number_10
from (select t.*,
             row_number() over (order by newid()) - 1 as seqnum
      from t
     ) t
group by floor(seqnum / 10)