你可以用 CASE :

select 
  row,
  case when length(name) > 10 
       then 'Name max=10 Present=' + length(name) + '; ' 
       else '' end +
  case when length(place) > 10 
       then 'Place max=10 Present=' + length(place) + '; ' 
       else '' end +
  case when length(address) > 10 
       then 'Address max=10 Present=' + length(address) + '; ' 
       else '' end as error
from t