晚上好看来你的问题主要是 lastReceivedMessage 是由两个线程使用的受保护资源。无论运行什么，consume方法都会生成它，然后spring会生成它 @scheduled 线程消耗它。
添加volatile关键字不会阻止代码读取字段。它只会阻止代码缓存变量(通读易变的https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/volatile-keyword-in-java/)如果要将@scheduled块视为关键区域，并阻止更新 lastRecievedMessage 在完成之前，我建议如下：

private volatile long lastReceivedMessage = System.currentTimeMillis();
    private Semaphore resourceLock = new Semaphore(1);

    public void consume(String message) Integer partition,
    (Headers.OFFSET) Long offset, Acknowledgment ack) {

        resourceLock.acquireUninterruptibly();
        try {
            lastReceivedMessage = System.currentTimeMillis();
        } finally {
            resourceLock.release();
        }

        try {
            seervice.processMessage(message, ack, null);

        } catch (ParseException e) {
            logger.error(e.getMessage());
        }
    }

    @Scheduled(fixedDelayString = "${listenScheduled}", initialDelay = 100000)
    private void distanceBetweenLastReceivedMessageAndCurrentTime() {
        long currentTime = 0;

        resourceLock.acquireUninterruptibly();
        try {
                currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - lastReceivedMessage;

            if (currentTime >= EventListenerConfiguration .getTotalMilliSecondTimeForError()) {
                EventUtil.publishEvent(THROW_ERROR_EVENT, EventSeverityStatus.ERROR, EventTypeStatus.CUSTOM, null);

            } else (currentTime >= EventListenerConfiguration.getTotalMilliSecondTimeForWarn()) {
                EventUtil.publishEvent(THROW_WARN_EVENT, EventSeverityStatus.WARN, EventTypeStatus.CUSTOM, null);
            }
        } finally {
            resourceLock.release();
        }
    }