我本打算把这作为一个评论，但它似乎可以解决你的情况，也许可以帮助你学到一些东西。为什么将它们作为两个独立的阵列？它的伸缩性不是很好。如果你对你的国家阵列进行排序，你将失去与欧洲大陆的联系。最好将它们耦合在一组对象中，这样很容易过滤（比如，如果您只想显示非洲的国家）。

let countries = ["Algeria", "Angola", "Benin", "Botswana", "Burkina Faso", "Burundi", "Cameroon", "Cape Verde", "USA"]
let data = document.querySelector('table');
let globe = countries.map(country => { // using map, we can transform each incoming country into a country/continent object
  let continent = 'N/A'; // just so we have somethign in case we dont find a continent
  [...data.rows].forEach(row => { // data is the table, rows are the <tr> tags, but we need to make it iterable for the loop, so we wrap it in a spread [...] 
    if (row.cells[1].innerText.trim() === country) continent = row.cells[0].innerText.trim();
  })
  return { country: country, continent: continent}; // we return an object back to our map
});
console.log(globe)
//Step 2: Run the function to get all index values where continents array = "Africa"
const africanCountries = globe.filter(e => e.continent === "Africa").map(e => e.country);
console.log(africanCountries)

<table>
  <tr><td>Africa</td><td>Algeria</td></tr>
  <tr><td>Africa</td><td>Angola</td></tr>
  <tr><td>Africa</td><td>Benin</td></tr>
  <tr><td>North America</td><td>USA</td></tr>
  <tr><td>Africa</td><td>Botswana</td></tr>
  <tr><td>Africa</td><td>Burkina Faso</td></tr>
  <tr><td>Africa</td><td>Faso</td></tr>
  <tr><td>Africa</td><td>Burundi</td></tr>
  <tr><td>Africa</td><td>Cameroon</td></tr>
  <tr><td>Africa</td><td>Cape Verde</td></tr>
</table>

更新：要添加lat和long，可以点击map（）中的索引

let globe = countries.map((country, index) => { // using map, we can transform each incoming country into a country/continent object
  let continent = 'N/A'; // just so we have somethign in case we dont find a continent
  [...data.rows].forEach(row => { // data is the table, rows are the <tr> tags, but we need to make it iterable for the loop, so we wrap it in a spread [...] 
    if (row.cells[1].innerText.trim() === country) continent = row.cells[0].innerText.trim();
  })
  return { 
     country: country, 
     continent: continent,
     lat: countryLat[index],
     long: countryLong[index]
   }; // we return an object back to our map
});