您可以使用交叉应用；

select T1.id, T1.date, CASE WHEN T1.value = 0 THEN X.value ELSE T1.value END value from TestTable T1
OUTER APPLY (SELECT TOP 1 * FROM TestTable T2
             WHERE T1.id = T2.id AND T2.date > T1.date
             AND T2.value > 0
             ORDER BY T2.date) X

方形底座

假设用替换它们表示要更新表，最简单的方法是关联子查询：

update t set value = (
    select top(1) value
    from t t2
    where t2.id = t.id 
      and t2.value > 0 
      and t2.date > t.date
    order by t2.date
)
where t.value = 0;

我们用0后面的第一个非0值对每个0进行分组，然后使用max() over()替换组中的0。

select   id
        ,date
        ,max(value) over(partition by id, grp) as value
from
(
select   *
        ,count(case when value != 0 then 1 end) over(partition by id order by date desc) as grp
from     t
) t
order by id, date

Fiddle升

您可以使用outer apply来完成：

select
  d.id, d.date_, 
  case when d.value != 0 then d.value else nz.value end as value
from data d
  outer apply (
    select min(value) as value
    from data dd
    where dd.id = d.id
      and dd.date_ > d.date_
      and dd.value <> 0
  ) nz

您可以在此db<>fiddle上进行测试