您在问题中写道（关于问题中的代码）：
下面的代码尝试为整个表格绘制背景
这是我着手要做的。然而，你也写道：
我的目标是一次设置一行的背景
然后我尝试了一种不同的方法--仍然把整个背景涂成红色，但我希望你能适应下面的代码以满足你的要求。

第一次进场

详情如下：
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/lookandfeel/color.html的最大值
和此处：
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/lookandfeel/_nimbusDefaults.html
只需在UIManager类中设置适当的属性，就可以得到您想要的结果，也就是说，将整个JTable的背景设置为红色。除了JTable中显示Boolean值的第一列之外，这对所有列都有效。为此，我创建了一个自定义的[table]单元格渲染器，它基于 Nimbus look-and-feel使用的渲染器。即：

javax.swing.plaf.synth.SynthTableUI.SynthBooleanTableCellRenderer

下面是该渲染器的代码：

class BoolTableCellRenderer extends JCheckBox implements TableCellRenderer {
    private boolean isRowSelected;

    public BoolTableCellRenderer() {
        setHorizontalAlignment(JLabel.CENTER);
        setName("Table.cellRenderer");
    }

    public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(JTable   table,
                                                   Object   value,
                                                   boolean  isSelected,
                                                   boolean  hasFocus,
                                                   int      row,
                                                   int      column) {
        isRowSelected = isSelected;
        if (isSelected) {
            setForeground(unwrap(table.getSelectionForeground()));
            setBackground(unwrap(Color.red));
        }
        else {
            setForeground(unwrap(table.getForeground()));
            setBackground(unwrap(Color.red));
        }
        setSelected((value != null && ((Boolean)value).booleanValue()));
        return this;
    }

    private Color unwrap(Color c) {
        if (c instanceof UIResource) {
            return new Color(c.getRGB());
        }
        return c;
    }

    public boolean isOpaque() {
        return true;
    }
}

我还编写了一个自定义的TableModel。

class PrimitivesTableModel extends DefaultTableModel {

    public PrimitivesTableModel(Object[][] data, Object[] columnNames) {
        super(data, columnNames);
    }

    public Class<?> getColumnClass(int columnIndex) {
        Class<?> columnClass;
        switch (columnIndex) {
            case 0:
                columnClass = Boolean.class;
                break;
            case 1:
                columnClass = Integer.class;
                break;
            case 2:
                columnClass = Float.class;
                break;
            case 3:
                columnClass = String.class;
                break;
            default:
                columnClass = Object.class;
        }
        return columnClass;
    }
}

下面是第一种方法的代码：

import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.EventQueue;

import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
import javax.swing.JTable;
import javax.swing.UIManager;
import javax.swing.UnsupportedLookAndFeelException;

public class NewsFram {

    private void buildAndDisplayGui() {
        JFrame frame = new JFrame("NewsFram");
        frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        frame.add(createTable(), BorderLayout.CENTER);
        frame.pack();
        frame.setLocationByPlatform(true);
        frame.setVisible(true);
    }

    private JScrollPane createTable() {
        Object[][] data = new Object[][]{{Boolean.valueOf(true), Integer.valueOf(1), Float.valueOf(0.1f), "asd"},
                                         {Boolean.valueOf(true), Integer.valueOf(2), Float.valueOf(0.2f), "lol"},
                                         {null, Integer.valueOf(3), Float.valueOf(0.3f), "xd"},
                                         {null, Integer.valueOf(4), Float.valueOf(0.4f), "ftw"},
                                         {null, Integer.valueOf(5), Float.valueOf(0.5f), "wtf"}};
        String[] columnNames = new String[]{"bool", "int", "float", "string"};
        PrimitivesTableModel model = new PrimitivesTableModel(data, columnNames);
        JTable table = new JTable(model);
        table.setAutoResizeMode(JTable.AUTO_RESIZE_OFF);
        table.setDefaultRenderer(Boolean.class, new BoolTableCellRenderer());
        JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(table);
        return scrollPane;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        UIManager.put("Table:\"Table.cellRenderer\".background", Color.red);
        UIManager.put("Table.alternateRowColor", Color.red);
        for (UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo info : UIManager.getInstalledLookAndFeels()) {
            if ("Nimbus".equals(info.getName())) {
                try {
                    UIManager.setLookAndFeel(info.getClassName());
                    break;
                }
                catch (ClassNotFoundException |
                       IllegalAccessException |
                       InstantiationException |
                       UnsupportedLookAndFeelException x) {
                    x.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
        EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> new NewsFram().buildAndDisplayGui());
    }
}

第二次接近

此方法不修改UIManager默认值，而是覆盖prepareRenderer方法（在JTable类中）。请注意，此方法还使用与第一种方法相同的TableModel和自定义渲染器。
我覆盖了prepareRenderer方法，而不是创建另一个基于 Nimbus look-and-feel使用的通用JTable单元格渲染器的自定义渲染器，因为该渲染器比SynthBooleanTableCellRenderer复杂得多。
下面是第二种方法的代码：

import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Component;
import java.awt.EventQueue;

import javax.swing.JCheckBox;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
import javax.swing.JTable;
import javax.swing.UIManager;
import javax.swing.UnsupportedLookAndFeelException;
import javax.swing.plaf.UIResource;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import javax.swing.table.TableCellRenderer;

public class NewFrame {

    private void buildAndDisplayGui() {
        JFrame frame = new JFrame("NewFrame");
        frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        frame.add(createTable(), BorderLayout.CENTER);
        frame.pack();
        frame.setLocationByPlatform(true);
        frame.setVisible(true);
    }

    private JScrollPane createTable() {
        Object[][] data = new Object[][]{{Boolean.valueOf(true), Integer.valueOf(1), Float.valueOf(0.1f), "asd"},
                                         {Boolean.valueOf(true), Integer.valueOf(2), Float.valueOf(0.2f), "lol"},
                                         {null, Integer.valueOf(3), Float.valueOf(0.3f), "xd"},
                                         {null, Integer.valueOf(4), Float.valueOf(0.4f), "ftw"},
                                         {null, Integer.valueOf(5), Float.valueOf(0.5f), "wtf"}};
        String[] columnNames = new String[]{"bool", "int", "float", "string"};
        PrimitivesTableModel model = new PrimitivesTableModel(data, columnNames);

        @SuppressWarnings("serial")
        JTable table = new JTable(model) {
            public Component prepareRenderer(TableCellRenderer renderer, int row, int column) {
                Object value = getValueAt(row, column);
                boolean isSelected = false;
                boolean hasFocus = false;

                // Only indicate the selection and focused cell if not printing
                if (!isPaintingForPrint()) {
                    isSelected = isCellSelected(row, column);
                    boolean rowIsLead = (selectionModel.getLeadSelectionIndex() == row);
                    boolean colIsLead = (columnModel.getSelectionModel().getLeadSelectionIndex() == column);
                    hasFocus = (rowIsLead && colIsLead) && isFocusOwner();
                }
                Component cmpt = renderer.getTableCellRendererComponent(this,
                                                                        value,
                                                                        isSelected,
                                                                        hasFocus,
                                                                        row,
                                                                        column);
                if (!(value instanceof Boolean)) {
                    cmpt.setBackground(Color.red);
                }
                return cmpt;
            }
        };

        table.setDefaultRenderer(Boolean.class, new BoolTableCellRenderer());
        table.setAutoResizeMode(JTable.AUTO_RESIZE_OFF);
        JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(table);
        return scrollPane;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo info : UIManager.getInstalledLookAndFeels()) {
            if ("Nimbus".equals(info.getName())) {
                try {
                    UIManager.setLookAndFeel(info.getClassName());
                    break;
                }
                catch (ClassNotFoundException |
                       IllegalAccessException |
                       InstantiationException |
                       UnsupportedLookAndFeelException x) {
                    x.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
        EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> new NewFrame().buildAndDisplayGui());
    }
}