只需将字符串""更改为正则表达式//，而不是将"([12]\d{3}-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])-(0[1-9]|[12]\d|3[01]))"更改为：/([12]\d{3}-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])-(0[1-9]|[12]\d|3[01]))/ .
例如，它应该返回以下数组：

[
  '2022-10-31',
  '2022-10-31',
  '10',
  '31',
  index: 0,
  input: '2022-10-31)',
  groups: undefined
]

您可以通过item[0]访问匹配的值。
因此新代码如下：

const token = `HRT: Human Resource Ticketing" AND (("Time to first response" = breached() OR "Time to resolution" = breached()) AND resolution = Done AND "Request Type" = "Payroll Dispute (HR)") AND (createdDate >= 2022-10-1 AND createdDate  <= 2022-10-31)`
const regex = /([12]\d{3}-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])-(0[1-9]|[12]\d|3[01]))/

const items = token.split(" ");
    for (const item of items) {
    const match = item.match(regex)
    if (match) console.log(match[0])
}