Python：线程和tkinter

m1m5dgzv  于 2022-10-30  发布在  Python
关注(0)|答案(1)|浏览(231)

我尝试在tkinter GUI中连续更新matlibplots，同时能够点击按钮来暂停/继续/停止更新绘图。我尝试使用线程，但它们似乎没有并行执行（例如，数据线程正在执行，但绘图没有得到更新+点击按钮被忽略）。为什么它不起作用？

  2. # Import Modules
  4. import tkinter as tk
  5. from threading import *
  6. import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  7. from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import (FigureCanvasTkAgg, NavigationToolbar2Tk)
  8. from scipy.fft import fft
  9. import numpy as np
  10. import time
  11. import random
  13. # global variables
  15. state = 1             # 0 starting state; 1 streaming; 2 pause; -1 end and save
  16. x = [0]*12
  17. y = [0]*12
  19. # Thread buttons and plots separately
  21. def threading():
  22.     state = 1
  24.     t_buttons = Thread(target = buttons)
  25.     t_plots = Thread(target = plots)
  26.     t_data = Thread(target = data)
  28.     t_buttons.start()
  29.     t_plots.start()
  30.     t_data.start()
  32. def hex_to_dec(x, y):
  33.     for i in range(0, 12):
  34.         for j in range(0, len(y)):
  35.             x[i][j] = int(str(x[i][j]), 16)
  36.             y[i][j] = int(str(y[i][j]), 16)
  38. def data():
  39.     fig1, axs1 = main_plot()
  40.     fig2, axs2 = FFT_plot()
  41.     # To be replaced with actual Arduino data
  42.     while(state!=-1):
  43.         for i in range(0, 12):
  44.             x[i] = [j for j in range(101)]
  45.             y[i] = [random.randint(0, 10) for j in range(-50, 51)]
  46.         for i in range(0, 12):
  47.             for j in range(0, len(y)):
  48.                 x[i][j] = int(str(x[i][j]), 16)
  49.                 y[i][j] = int(str(y[i][j]), 16)
  51. # create buttons
  53. def stream_clicked():
  54.     state = 1
  55.     print("clicked")
  57. def pause_clicked():
  58.     state = 2
  59.     print("state")
  61. def finish_clicked():
  62.     state = -1
  64. def buttons():
  65.     continue_button = tk.Button(window, width = 30, text = "Stream data" , 
  66.                               fg = "black", bg = '#98FB98', command = stream_clicked)
  67.     continue_button.place(x = window.winfo_screenwidth()*0.2, y = 0)
  69.     pause_button = tk.Button(window, width = 30, text = "Pause streaming data" , 
  70.                              fg = "black", bg = '#FFA000', command = pause_clicked)
  71.     pause_button.place(x = window.winfo_screenwidth()*0.4, y = 0)
  73.     finish_button = tk.Button(window, width = 30, text = "End session and save", 
  74.                               fg = 'black', bg = '#FF4500', command = finish_clicked())
  75.     finish_button.place(x = window.winfo_screenwidth()*0.6, y = 0)
  77. def plots():
  78.     fig1, axs1 = main_plot()
  79.     fig2, axs2 = FFT_plot()
  81.     if state==1:
  82.         print("update")
  83.         for i in range(0, 12):
  84.             axs1[i].plot(x[i], y[i], 'blue')
  85.             axs1[i].axes.get_yaxis().set_ticks([0], labels = ["channel  " + str(i+1)])
  86.             axs1[i].grid(True)
  87.             axs1[i].margins(x = 0)
  89.         fig1.canvas.draw()
  90.         fig1.canvas.flush_events()
  91.         for i in range(0, 12):
  92.             axs1[i].clear()
  93.         for i in range(0, 12):
  94.             axs2.plot(x[i], fft(y[i]))
  95.         plt.title("FFT of all 12 channels", x = 0.5, y = 1)
  97.         fig2.canvas.draw()
  98.         fig2.canvas.flush_events()
  99.         axs2.clear()
  101. def main_plot():
  102.     plt.ion()
  104.     fig1, axs1 = plt.subplots(12, figsize = (10, 9), sharex = True)
  105.     fig1.subplots_adjust(hspace = 0)
  106.     # Add fixed values for axis
  108.     canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(fig1, master = window)  
  109.     canvas.draw()
  110.     canvas.get_tk_widget().pack()
  111.     canvas.get_tk_widget().place(x = 0, y = 35)
  113.     return fig1, axs1
  115. def update_main_plot(fig1, axs1):
  116.     if state==1:
  117.         for i in range(0, 12):
  118.             axs1[i].plot(x[i], y[i], 'blue')
  119.             axs1[i].axes.get_yaxis().set_ticks([0], labels = ["channel  " + str(i+1)])
  120.             axs1[i].grid(True)
  121.             axs1[i].margins(x = 0)
  122.         axs1[0].set_title("Plot recordings", x = 0.5, y = 1)
  124.         fig1.canvas.draw()
  125.         fig1.canvas.flush_events()
  126.         for i in range(0, 12):
  127.             axs1[i].clear()
  129. def FFT_plot():
  130.     # Plot FFT figure 
  131.     plt.ion()
  133.     fig2, axs2 = plt.subplots(1, figsize = (7, 9))
  134.     # Add fixed values for axis
  136.     canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(fig2, master = window)  
  137.     canvas.draw()
  138.     canvas.get_tk_widget().pack()
  139.     canvas.get_tk_widget().place(x = window.winfo_screenwidth()*0.55, y = 35)
  141.     return fig2, axs2
  143. def update_FFT_plot(fig2, axs2):
  144.     # Update FFT plot
  145.     for i in range(0, 12):
  146.         axs2.plot(x[i], fft(y[i]))
  147.     plt.title("FFT", x = 0.5, y = 1)
  149.     fig2.canvas.draw()
  150.     fig2.canvas.flush_events()
  151.     axs2.clear()
  153. # create root window and set its properties
  155. window = tk.Tk()
  156. window.title("Data Displayer")
  157. window.geometry("%dx%d" % (window.winfo_screenwidth(), window.winfo_screenheight()))
  158. window.configure(background = 'white')
  160. threading()
  162. window.mainloop()

有时候，它在没有任何消息的情况下就无法工作，有时候我还会收到“RuntimeError：主线程不在主循环中”

python

1条答案

按热度按时间
bqjvbblv

bqjvbblv1#

公平地说，代码中的所有函数都很可能导致分段错误，而其他不会导致分段错误的函数则根本无法工作，很难解释错误在哪里。
1.如果要修改全局变量，请将其定义为global
1.通过重复使用window.after方法在主线程中更新GUI。
1.只有从微控制器阅读才应该在单独线程中完成。

  1. Tkinter对象的创建应该在主线程中完成，在其他线程中只允许更新，但它不是线程安全的，因此虽然它可能工作，但有时会导致一些奇怪的行为或错误。
    1.调用matplotlib函数（如ion和flush_events）会导致错误，因为这些函数用于matplotlib交互式画布，而不是tkinter画布。
    1.线程化有一个非常坚韧的学习曲线，所以在你尝试使用它们之前，问问自己“我真的需要线程吗”和“有没有办法不使用线程”，因为一旦你开始使用线程，你就不再使用python的“安全代码”，尽管所有的努力，线程在任何任务中都是不安全的，你要让它们安全，老实说，这里不需要线程，除非你从你的微控制器阅读1 GB/s。
    1.不要用数字来表示状态，它不是pythonic，它会让读者感到困惑，而且与使用Enums相比，它没有任何性能优势。
    1.程序是以增量方式构建的，而不是从多个工作片段中复制粘贴，因为当代码的多个部分没有被验证为工作时，很难跟踪错误来自何处。
  2. # Import Modules
  4. import tkinter as tk
  5. from threading import *
  6. import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  7. from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import (FigureCanvasTkAgg, NavigationToolbar2Tk)
  8. from scipy.fft import fft
  9. import numpy as np
  10. import time
  11. import random
  12. from enum import Enum,auto
  14. UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS = 300
  16. class States(Enum):
  17.     STREAM = auto()
  18.     PAUSE = auto()
  19.     SAVE = auto()
  20.     START = auto()
  22. # global variables
  24. state = States.START  # check States Enum
  25. x = [[0]]*12
  26. y = [[0]]*12
  28. # Thread buttons and plots separately
  30. def threading():
  31.     global state
  32.     global window
  33.     state = States.STREAM
  35.     buttons()
  36.     plots()
  37.     data()
  38.     t_grab_data = Thread(target=grab_data_loop,daemon=True)
  39.     t_grab_data.start()
  40.     # t_buttons = Thread(target=buttons)
  41.     # t_plots = Thread(target=plots)
  42.     # t_data = Thread(target=data)
  43.     #
  44.     # t_buttons.start()
  45.     # t_plots.start()
  46.     # t_data.start()
  48. def hex_to_dec(x, y):
  49.     for i in range(0, 12):
  50.         for j in range(0, len(y)):
  51.             x[i][j] = int(str(x[i][j]), 16)
  52.             y[i][j] = int(str(y[i][j]), 16)
  54. def data():
  55.     global fig1,axs1,fig2,axs2
  56.     fig1, axs1 = main_plot()
  57.     fig2, axs2 = FFT_plot()
  58.     # To be replaced with actual Arduino data
  59.     window.after(UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS,draw_data_loop)
  61. def grab_data_loop():
  62.     while state != States.SAVE:
  63.         for i in range(0, 12):
  64.             x[i] = [j for j in range(101)]
  65.             y[i] = [random.randint(0, 10) for j in range(-50, 51)]
  66.         for i in range(0, 12):
  67.             for j in range(0, len(y)):
  68.                 x[i][j] = int(str(x[i][j]), 16)
  69.                 y[i][j] = int(str(y[i][j]), 16)
  70.         time.sleep(0.1)  # because we are not reading from a microcontroller
  72. def draw_data_loop():
  73.     if state == States.STREAM:
  74.         update_main_plot(fig1, axs1)
  75.         update_FFT_plot(fig2, axs2)
  76.     window.after(UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS,draw_data_loop)
  78. # create buttons
  80. def stream_clicked():
  81.     global state
  82.     state = States.STREAM
  83.     print("clicked")
  85. def pause_clicked():
  86.     global state
  87.     state = States.PAUSE
  88.     print("state")
  90. def finish_clicked():
  91.     global state
  92.     state = States.SAVE
  93.     window.destroy()
  95. def buttons():
  96.     continue_button = tk.Button(window, width=30, text="Stream data",
  97.                                 fg="black", bg='#98FB98', command=stream_clicked)
  98.     continue_button.place(x=window.winfo_screenwidth() * 0.2, y=0)
  100.     pause_button = tk.Button(window, width=30, text="Pause streaming data",
  101.                              fg="black", bg='#FFA000', command=pause_clicked)
  102.     pause_button.place(x=window.winfo_screenwidth() * 0.4, y=0)
  104.     finish_button = tk.Button(window, width=30, text="End session and save",
  105.                               fg='black', bg='#FF4500', command=finish_clicked)
  106.     finish_button.place(x=window.winfo_screenwidth() * 0.6, y=0)
  108. def plots():
  109.     global state
  110.     fig1, axs1 = main_plot()
  111.     fig2, axs2 = FFT_plot()
  113.     if state == States.STREAM:
  114.         print("update")
  115.         for i in range(0, 12):
  116.             axs1[i].plot(x[i], y[i], 'blue')
  117.             axs1[i].axes.get_yaxis().set_ticks([0], labels=["channel  " + str(i + 1)])
  118.             axs1[i].grid(True)
  119.             axs1[i].margins(x=0)
  121.         # fig1.canvas.draw()
  122.         # fig1.canvas.flush_events()
  123.         # for i in range(0, 12):
  124.         #     axs1[i].clear()
  125.         for i in range(0, 12):
  126.             axs2.plot(x[i], np.abs(fft(y[i])))
  127.         plt.title("FFT of all 12 channels", x=0.5, y=1)
  129.         # fig2.canvas.draw()
  130.         # fig2.canvas.flush_events()
  131.         # axs2.clear()
  133. def main_plot():
  134.     # plt.ion()
  135.     global canvas1
  136.     fig1, axs1 = plt.subplots(12, figsize=(10, 9), sharex=True)
  137.     fig1.subplots_adjust(hspace=0)
  138.     # Add fixed values for axis
  140.     canvas1 = FigureCanvasTkAgg(fig1, master=window)
  141.     # canvas.draw()
  142.     canvas1.get_tk_widget().pack()
  143.     canvas1.get_tk_widget().place(x=0, y=35)
  145.     return fig1, axs1
  147. def update_main_plot(fig1, axs1):
  148.     if state == States.STREAM:
  149.         for i in range(0, 12):
  150.             axs1[i].clear()
  151.         for i in range(0, 12):
  152.             axs1[i].plot(x[i], y[i], 'blue')
  153.             axs1[i].axes.get_yaxis().set_ticks([0], labels=["channel  " + str(i + 1)])
  154.             axs1[i].grid(True)
  155.             axs1[i].margins(x=0)
  156.         axs1[0].set_title("Plot recordings", x=0.5, y=1)
  157.         canvas1.draw()
  158.         # fig1.canvas.draw()
  159.         # fig1.canvas.flush_events()
  161. def FFT_plot():
  162.     # Plot FFT figure
  163.     # plt.ion()
  164.     global canvas2
  165.     fig2, axs2 = plt.subplots(1, figsize=(7, 9))
  166.     # Add fixed values for axis
  168.     canvas2 = FigureCanvasTkAgg(fig2, master=window)
  169.     # canvas.draw()
  170.     canvas2.get_tk_widget().pack()
  171.     canvas2.get_tk_widget().place(x=window.winfo_screenwidth() * 0.55, y=35)
  173.     return fig2, axs2
  175. def update_FFT_plot(fig2, axs2):
  176.     # Update FFT plot
  177.     if state == States.STREAM:
  178.         axs2.clear()
  179.         for i in range(0, 12):
  180.             axs2.plot(x[i], np.abs(fft(y[i])))
  181.         plt.title("FFT", x=0.5, y=1)
  182.         canvas2.draw()
  183.     # fig2.canvas.draw()
  184.     # fig2.canvas.flush_events()
  185.     # axs2.clear()
  187. # create root window and set its properties
  189. window = tk.Tk()
  190. window.title("Data Displayer")
  191. window.geometry("%dx%d" % (window.winfo_screenwidth(), window.winfo_screenheight()))
  192. window.configure(background='white')
  194. threading()
  196. window.mainloop()
  198. # put saving logic here
展开查看全部
赞(0）分享  回复(0）举报  2022-10-30
我来回答

相关问题

    查看更多

    热门标签

    更多
    JavaquerypythonNode开发语言requestUtil数据库Table后端算法LoggerMessageElementParser

    最新问答

    更多
    • 蜀ICP备13028337号-1 大数据知识库 https://www.saoniuhuo.com © All rights reserved
    • 本站内容来源互联网,如果侵犯您的权益请联系我们删除, 联系方式：448109455@qq.com