使用from_json并提供模式，可以将字符串列转换为结构体数组。然后，可以执行inline将其分解为列。

df = spark.createDataFrame(
    [('[{"long_name":"Sofia","short_name":"Sofia","types":["locality","political"]},{"long_name":"Sofia City Province","short_name":"Sofia City Province","types":["administrative_area_level_1","political"]},{"long_name":"Bulgaria","short_name":"BG","types":["country","political"]}]',)],
    ['address_components'])

df = df.selectExpr(
    "inline(from_json(address_components, 'array<struct<long_name:string,short_name:string,types:array<string>>>'))"
)

df.show(truncate=0)

# +-------------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+

# |long_name          |short_name         |types                                   |

# +-------------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+

# |Sofia              |Sofia              |[locality, political]                   |

# |Sofia City Province|Sofia City Province|[administrative_area_level_1, political]|

# |Bulgaria           |BG                 |[country, political]                    |

# +-------------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+