我正在探索基于约束的搜索的自动边界。因此，我的起点是SEND MORE MONEY problem，带有solution based on nondeterministic selection without replacement。我修改了计算执行的样本数的方法，以便更好地衡量添加约束对搜索的影响。

import Control.Monad.State
import Control.Monad.Trans.List
import Control.Monad.Morph
import Data.List (foldl')

type CS a b = StateT [a] (ListT (State Int)) b

select' :: [a] -> [(a, [a])]
select' [] = []
select' (x:xs) = (x, xs) : [(y, x:ys) | ~(y, ys) <- select' xs]

select :: CS a a
select = do
    i <- lift . lift $ get
    xs <- get
    lift . lift . put $! i + length xs
    hoist (ListT . return) (StateT select')

runCS :: CS a b -> [a] -> ([b], Int)
runCS a xs = flip runState 0 . runListT $ evalStateT a xs

fromDigits :: [Int] -> Int
fromDigits = foldl' (\x y -> 10 * x + y) 0

sendMoreMoney :: ([(Int, Int, Int)], Int)
sendMoreMoney = flip runCS [0..9] $ do
    [s,e,n,d,m,o,r,y] <- replicateM 8 select
    let send  = fromDigits [s,e,n,d]
        more  = fromDigits [m,o,r,e]
        money = fromDigits [m,o,n,e,y]
    guard $ s /= 0 && m /= 0 && send + more == money
    return (send, more, money)

main :: IO ()
main = print sendMoreMoney

它工作正常，得到正确的结果，并且在搜索过程中保持一个平坦的堆配置文件。但即便如此，它还是很慢。它比不计算选择的情况慢了大约20倍。即使 * 这 * 也不可怕。我可以忍受为了收集这些性能数据而付出巨大的代价。
但我还是不想让性能变得毫无必要地糟糕，所以我决定在性能方面寻找容易实现的目标，而当我这样做时，我遇到了一些令人困惑的结果。

$ ghc -O2 -Wall -fforce-recomp -rtsopts statefulbacktrack.hs
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( statefulbacktrack.hs, statefulbacktrack.o )
Linking statefulbacktrack ...
$ time ./statefulbacktrack
([(9567,1085,10652)],2606500)

real    0m6.960s
user    0m3.880s
sys     0m2.968s

这个系统时间是完全荒谬的。程序只执行一次输出。这一切都去哪里了？我的下一步是检查strace。

$ strace -cf ./statefulbacktrack
([(9567,1085,10652)],2606500)
% time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
 98.38    0.033798        1469        23           munmap
  1.08    0.000370           0     21273           rt_sigprocmask
  0.26    0.000090           0     10638           clock_gettime
  0.21    0.000073           0     10638           getrusage
  0.07    0.000023           4         6           mprotect
  0.00    0.000000           0         8           read
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           write
  0.00    0.000000           0       144       134 open
  0.00    0.000000           0        10           close
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           execve
  0.00    0.000000           0         9         9 access
  0.00    0.000000           0         3           brk
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           ioctl
  0.00    0.000000           0       847           sigreturn
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           uname
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           select
  0.00    0.000000           0        13           rt_sigaction
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           getrlimit
  0.00    0.000000           0       387           mmap2
  0.00    0.000000           0        16        15 stat64
  0.00    0.000000           0        10           fstat64
  0.00    0.000000           0         1         1 futex
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           set_thread_area
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           set_tid_address
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           timer_create
  0.00    0.000000           0         2           timer_settime
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           timer_delete
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           set_robust_list
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
100.00    0.034354                 44039       159 total

所以..strace告诉我只有0.034354s花费在系统调用上。
time报告的sys时间的其余部分去了哪里？
另一个数据点：GC时间真的很高。有没有简单的方法可以降低它？

$ ./statefulbacktrack +RTS -s
([(9567,1085,10652)],2606500)
   5,541,572,660 bytes allocated in the heap
   1,465,208,164 bytes copied during GC
      27,317,868 bytes maximum residency (66 sample(s))
         635,056 bytes maximum slop
              65 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)

                                     Tot time (elapsed)  Avg pause  Max pause
  Gen  0     10568 colls,     0 par    1.924s   2.658s     0.0003s    0.0081s
  Gen  1        66 colls,     0 par    0.696s   2.226s     0.0337s    0.1059s

  INIT    time    0.000s  (  0.001s elapsed)
  MUT     time    1.656s  (  2.279s elapsed)
  GC      time    2.620s  (  4.884s elapsed)
  EXIT    time    0.000s  (  0.009s elapsed)
  Total   time    4.276s  (  7.172s elapsed)

  %GC     time      61.3%  (68.1% elapsed)

  Alloc rate    3,346,131,972 bytes per MUT second

  Productivity  38.7% of total user, 23.1% of total elapsed

系统信息：

$ ghc --version
The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System, version 7.10.1
$ uname -a
Linux debian 3.2.0-4-686-pae #1 SMP Debian 3.2.68-1+deb7u1 i686 GNU/Linux

在Windows 8.1上的VMWare Player 7.10中运行Debian 7虚拟机。