下面是另一个直接实现，它碰巧在这个示例中击败了其他实现。最受尊敬的是@hpaulj和@Warren Weckesser的hack，它几乎同样快，也更简洁：

def bs_pp(*shapes):
    ml = max(shapes, key=len)
    out = list(ml)
    for l in shapes:
        if l is ml:
            continue
        for i, x in enumerate(l, -len(l)):
            if x != 1 and x != out[i]:
                if out[i] != 1:
                    raise ValueError
                out[i] = x
    return (*out,)

def bs_mq1(*shapes):
    max_rank = max([len(shape) for shape in shapes])
    shapes = [[1] * (max_rank - len(shape)) + shape for shape in shapes]
    final_shape = [1] * max_rank
    for shape in shapes:
        for dim, size in enumerate(shape):
            if size != 1:
                final_size = final_shape[dim]
                if final_size == 1:
                    final_shape[dim] = size
                elif final_size != size:
                    raise ValueError("Cannot broadcast these shapes")
    return (*final_shape,)

import numpy as np

def bs_mq2(*shapes):
    max_rank = max([len(shape) for shape in shapes])
    shapes = np.array([[1] * (max_rank - len(shape)) + shape
                      for shape in shapes])
    shapes[shapes==1] = -1
    final_shape = shapes.max(axis=0)
    final_shape[final_shape==-1] = 1
    return (*final_shape,)

def bs_hp_ww(*shapes):
    return np.broadcast(*[np.empty(shape + [0,], int) for shape in shapes]).shape[:-1]

L = [6], [4, 2, 3, 1], [2, 1, 1]

from timeit import timeit

print('pp:       ', timeit(lambda: bs_pp(*L), number=10_000)/10)
print('mq 1:     ', timeit(lambda: bs_mq1(*L), number=10_000)/10)
print('mq 2:     ', timeit(lambda: bs_mq2(*L), number=10_000)/10)
print('hpaulj/ww:', timeit(lambda: bs_hp_ww(*L), number=10_000)/10)

assert bs_pp(*L) == bs_mq1(*L) and bs_pp(*L) == bs_mq2(*L) and bs_pp(*L) == bs_hp_ww(*L)

样例运行：

pp:        0.0021552839782088993
mq 1:      0.00398325570859015
mq 2:      0.01497043427079916
hpaulj/ww: 0.003267909213900566

这里有一个简单的实现，以防有人需要它(它可能有助于理解广播)。不过，我更喜欢使用NumPy函数。

def broadcast_shapes(*shapes):
    max_rank = max([len(shape) for shape in shapes])
    shapes = [[1] * (max_rank - len(shape)) + shape for shape in shapes]
    final_shape = [1] * max_rank
    for shape in shapes:
        for dim, size in enumerate(shape):
            if size != 1:
                final_size = final_shape[dim]
                if final_size == 1:
                    final_shape[dim] = size
                elif final_size != size:
                    raise ValueError("Cannot broadcast these shapes")
    return final_shape

编辑

我将这个函数与其他几个答案进行了计时，结果证明它是最快的(编辑，Paul Panzer写了一个更快的函数，参见他的答案，我将其添加到下面的列表中)：

%timeit bs_pp(*shapes) # Peter Panzer's answer
2.33 µs ± 10.2 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)

%timeit broadcast_shapes1(*shapes)  # this answer
4.21 µs ± 11.2 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)

%timeit broadcast_shapes2(*shapes) # my other answer with shapes.max(axis=0)
12.8 µs ± 67.3 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)

%timeit broadcast_shapes3(*shapes) # user2357112's answer
18 µs ± 26.9 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)

%timeit broadcast_shapes4(*shapes) # hpaulj's answer
18.1 µs ± 263 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)

从NumPy 1.20开始，有一个numpy.broadcast_shapes函数可以实现您想要的功能。(在文档中，它接受元组而不是列表，所以为了安全起见，您可能应该向它传递元组，但实际上它接受列表。)

In [1]: import numpy

In [2]: numpy.broadcast_shapes((6,), (4, 2, 3, 1), (2, 1, 1))
Out[2]: (4, 2, 3, 6)

对于以前的版本，您可以向每个目标形状广播单个0维数组，然后相互广播所有结果：

def broadcast_shapes(*shapes):
    base = numpy.array(0)
    broadcast1 = [numpy.broadcast_to(base, shape) for shape in shapes]
    return numpy.broadcast(*broadcast1).shape

这避免了为大型形状分配大量内存。不过，需要创建数组感觉有点愚蠢。

In [120]: shapes = [6], [4, 2, 3, 1], [2, 1, 1]                                 
In [121]: arrs = np.broadcast_arrays(*[np.empty(shape,int) for shape in shapes])
     ...:                                                                       
In [122]: [a.shape for a in arrs]                                               
Out[122]: [(4, 2, 3, 6), (4, 2, 3, 6), (4, 2, 3, 6)]

In [124]: np.lib.stride_tricks._broadcast_shape(*[np.empty(shape,int) for shape 
     ...: in shapes])                                                           
Out[124]: (4, 2, 3, 6)

In [131]: np.broadcast(*[np.empty(shape,int) for shape in shapes]).shape        
Out[131]: (4, 2, 3, 6)

第二次更快，4.79微秒对42.4微秒。第三次稍微快一点。
正如我最初评论的那样，我从broadcast_arrays开始，并查看了代码。然后是_broadcast_shape，然后是np.broadcast。

假设这些形状真的可以广播，那么这个方法是可行的：

def broadcast_shapes(*shapes):
    max_rank = max([len(shape) for shape in shapes])
    shapes = np.array([[1] * (max_rank - len(shape)) + shape
                      for shape in shapes])
    shapes[shapes==1] = -1
    final_shape = shapes.max(axis=0)
    final_shape[final_shape==-1] = 1
    return final_shape

如果假设没有空维度，那么-1攻击是不必要的：

def broadcast_shapes(*shapes):
    max_rank = max([len(shape) for shape in shapes])
    shapes = np.array([[1] * (max_rank - len(shape)) + shape
                      for shape in shapes])
    return shapes.max(axis=0)