我建议您使用target_compile_definitions来设置定义：

target_compile_definitions(myexe PUBLIC foo="bar")

要根据发布或调试将其设置为不同的内容，使用generator expressions将使这些选项在使用多配置生成器时可移植：

target_compile_definitions(myexe PUBLIC
    $<$<CONFIG:Debug>:foo="bar">
    $<$<CONFIG:Release>:baz="bat">
)

如果您真的不希望bar选项出现在您的存储库（包括CMake文件）中，也有一些方法可以定义它。
您可以将其作为命令行选项的一部分发送。为此，您可以使用option命令定义该命令行选项，然后使用预设值发送命令行参数：

option(MYPROJECT_MY_OPTION "Activate the definitions" OFF)

if(MYPROJECT_MY_OPTION)
    target_compile_definitions(myexe PUBLIC
        $<$<CONFIG:Debug>:foo=bar">
        $<$<CONFIG:Release>:baz="bat">
    )
endif()

然后创建一些配置文件：

{
    "version": 2,
    "cmakeMinimumRequired": {
        "major": 3,
        "minor": 22,
        "patch": 0
    },
    "configurePresets": [
        {
            "name": "cmake-pedantic",
            "hidden": true,
            "warnings": {
                "dev": false,
                "deprecated": true,
                "uninitialized": true,
                "unusedCli": true,
                "systemVars": false
            },
            "errors": {
                "dev": false,
                "deprecated": true
            }
        },
        {
            "name": "generator-ninja",
            "hidden": true,
            "generator": "Ninja Multi-Config",
            "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/build",
            "cacheVariables": {
                "CMAKE_DEBUG_POSTFIX": "d",
                "CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM": "ninja"
            }
        },
        {
            "name": "dev",
            "displayName": "Development",
            "description": "Development preset",
            "inherits": ["generator-ninja"]
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-with-option",
            "displayName": "Development",
            "description": "Development preset",
            "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/build-with-option",
            "inherits": ["generator-ninja"],
            "cacheVariables": {
                "MYPROJECT_MY_OPTION": true
            }
        }
    ],
    "buildPresets": [
        {
            "name": "dev-debug",
            "displayName": "Debug",
            "description": "Build with debug informations",
            "configuration": "Debug",
            "configurePreset": "dev"
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-relwithdebinfo",
            "displayName": "RelWithDebInfo",
            "description": "Build with debug informations and optimizations enabled",
            "configuration": "RelWithDebInfo",
            "configurePreset": "dev"
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-release",
            "displayName": "Release",
            "description": "Build with optimizations enabled",
            "configuration": "Release",
            "configurePreset": "dev"
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-with-option-debug",
            "displayName": "Debug",
            "description": "Build with debug informations",
            "configuration": "Debug",
            "configurePreset": "dev-with-option"
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-with-option-relwithdebinfo",
            "displayName": "RelWithDebInfo",
            "description": "Build with debug informations and optimizations enabled",
            "configuration": "RelWithDebInfo",
            "configurePreset": "dev-with-option"
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-with-option-release",
            "displayName": "Release",
            "description": "Build with optimizations enabled",
            "configuration": "Release",
            "configurePreset": "dev-with-option"
        }
    ],
    "testPresets": [
        {
            "name": "base-test",
            "hidden": true,
            "output": {
                "outputOnFailure": true
            },
            "execution": {
                "noTestsAction": "error",
                "stopOnFailure": true
            }
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-debug",
            "displayName": "Debug",
            "configuration": "Debug",
            "configurePreset": "dev",
            "inherits": "base-test"
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-relwithdebinfo",
            "displayName": "RelWithDebInfo",
            "configuration": "RelWithDebInfo",
            "configurePreset": "dev",
            "inherits": "base-test"
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-release",
            "displayName": "Release",
            "configuration": "Release",
            "configurePreset": "dev",
            "inherits": "base-test"
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-with-option-debug",
            "displayName": "Debug",
            "configuration": "Debug",
            "configurePreset": "dev",
            "inherits": "base-test"
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-with-option-relwithdebinfo",
            "displayName": "RelWithDebInfo",
            "configuration": "RelWithDebInfo",
            "configurePreset": "dev",
            "inherits": "base-test"
        },
        {
            "name": "dev-with-option-release",
            "displayName": "Release",
            "configuration": "Release",
            "configurePreset": "dev",
            "inherits": "base-test"
        }
    ]
}

这将允许IDE在dev和dev-with-option之间进行选择，还允许IDE选择调试或发布配置。

您需要两个步骤：
1.添加一个Qt Creator构建设置以创建一个 *CMake缓存变量 *。
1.在CMakeLists.txt中，请在命令内该高速缓存变数。
例如：
1.在Qt Creator构建设置中，

• 单击添加〉字符串将关键字设置为MYPROJECT_FOO，将值设置为bar
• 或单击**批量编辑...**并添加-DMYPROJECT_FOO:STRING=bar

1.在CMakeLists中，
target_compile_definitions(mytarget PUBLIC foo="${MYPROJECT_FOO}")
(As Guillaume Racicot建议，最好将定义应用于单个目标，而不是整个项目，即add_compile_definitions(foo="${MYPROJECT_FOO}")。）
另请参阅Qt Creator文档CMake构建配置：修改变量值。

• 感谢Guillaume Racicot对如何使用CMake缓存变量进行了更深入的解释。*