组A的示例输出显示原始项目名称（该组中已批准的最新项目名称）为DE-1234（1）。其日期为1/3/2022，但项目名称DE-1234的日期为1/5/2022，这使其成为组A中已批准的最新项目标识。因此，对于该参考，我的输出与您的不同。
这里有一个到SQL Fiddle的链接，我在那里重新创建了这个。
下面是我为此创建的查询：
首先，我们创建一个CTE，按组对项目进行排序，以获取每组的最新信息。

WITH cte AS--rank records by group ordered by date DESC
(
   SELECT
    [group]
    ,[date]
    ,item_id
    ,item_name
    ,status
    ,price
    ,stock
    ,ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY [group] ORDER BY [date] DESC) AS rn
  FROM t
 )

然后，我们将CTE过滤为仅批准的CTE，并重新排序以获得最近批准的组。

,cte2 AS--rank joined records where status = approved by group ordered by date DESC
 (
  SELECT
    a.[group]
    ,a.[date]
    ,a.item_id
    ,a.item_name
    ,a.status
    ,a.price
    ,a.stock
    ,b.[group] AS original_group
    ,b.[date] AS original_date
    ,b.item_id AS original_item_id
    ,b.item_name AS original_item_name
    ,b.status AS original_status
    ,b.price AS original_price
    ,b.stock AS original_stock
   ,ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY a.[group] ORDER BY b.rn) rn--get most recent record that was approved
  FROM cte a
  LEFT JOIN cte b ON
    a.[group] = b.[group]
    AND b.rn > a.rn--b is a previous record
    AND b.status = 'Approved'
  WHERE a.rn = 1--Most recent item id
)

最后，我们查询cte 2筛选，仅查找最近批准的记录

SELECT
    [group]
    ,[date]
    ,item_id
    ,item_name
    ,status
    ,price
    ,stock
    --,original_group
    --,original_date
    ,original_item_id
    ,original_item_name
    ,original_status
    ,original_price
    ,original_stock
FROM cte2
WHERE rn = 1--filter for most recent record that was approved