假设：

// class ...main implements ApplicationRunner { ...

// GenericApplicationContext !!! (but plenty alternatives for/much tuning on this available):
@Autowired
private GenericApplicationContext context;

@Override
public void run(ApplicationArguments args) throws Exception {
  String[] arguments = args.getSourceArgs();
  for (String arg : arguments) {
    System.out.println("HEYYYYYY" + arg);
    // simple sample: register for each arg a `Object` bean, with `arg` as "bean id":
    // ..registerBean(name, class, supplier)
    context.registerBean(arg, Object.class, () -> new Object()); 
  }
}
// ...

然后我们可以测试，比如：

package com.example.demo; // i.e. package of main class

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;

// fake args:
@SpringBootTest(args = {"foo", "bar"})
public class SomeTest {

  // the "testee" ((from) spring context/environment)
  @Autowired
  ApplicationContext ctxt;

  @Test
  public void somke() throws Exception {
    // should contain/know the beans identified by:
    Object foo = ctxt.getBean("foo");
    assertNotNull(foo);
    Object bar = ctxt.getBean("bar");
    assertNotNull(bar);
  }
}

或者就像这样：

@Autowired
  @Qualifier("foo")
  Object fooBean;

  @Autowired
  @Qualifier("bar")
  Object barBean;

  @Test
  public void somke2() throws Exception {
    assertNotNull(fooBean);
    assertNotNull(barBean);
  }

参考文献：

• 动态Bean：
• 第1010章：一个人的未来
• 第101章：一个人的未来（2019）
• 第1111章：一个人的未来（2017）
• https://medium.com/@venkivenki4b6/spring-dynamically-register-beans-in-4-ways-at-run-time-c1dc45dcbeb9
• https://www.baeldung.com/spring-5-functional-beans
• GenericApplicationContext javadoc
• 测试：
• How do you pass program arguments in a @SpringBootTest?