如果不定义临时表模式和编写服务器名称，我无法找到可能的解决方案。因此，我更改了代码和查询，以便仅使用已知模式进行处理。代码示例如下

CREATE TABLE #TestTable ([name] NVARCHAR(256), [database_ID] INT);
    INSERT INTO #TestTable
    EXEC GetDBNames

    SELECT * FROM #TestTable;

如链接https://blog.sqlauthority.com/2013/05/27/sql-server-how-to-insert-data-from-stored-procedure-to-table-2-different-methods/中所提供

没人说一定要漂亮

CREATE PROCEDURE p AS
SELECT 1 as x, 2 as y, 3 as z
GO
DECLARE c CURSOR FOR
SELECT 
name, system_type_name
FROM sys.dm_exec_describe_first_result_set_for_object(OBJECT_ID('p'), 0);
DECLARE @name sysname, @type sysname;

CREATE TABLE #t(fake int)

OPEN c
FETCH NEXT from c into @name, @type
WHILE (@@FETCH_STATUS = 0)
BEGIN

 EXEC ('ALTER TABLE #t ADD ' + @name + ' ' + @type)
 FETCH NEXT from c into @name, @type
END

CLOSE C
DEALLOCATE c
ALTER TABLE #t DROP COLUMN fake;

INSERT INTO #t EXEC p;
GO