此解决方案假定了以下几点：

• 除数字前一行外，其他任何地方都不能使用冒号
• 一开始就没有号码

在高级别上，此查询查找有多少个冒号，将整个字符串拆分为这么多个部分，然后只保留数字后面逗号以内的数字，然后将这些数字聚合到逗号分隔的列表中。
假设一张表如下：

create temp table tbl_string (id int, strval varchar(1000));
insert into tbl_string
values
(1, 'name-form-na-stage0:3278648990379886572,rules-na-unwanted-sdfle2:6886328308933282817,us-disdg-order-stage1:1273671130817907765');


with recursive cte_num_of_delims AS (
    select max(regexp_count(strval, ':')) AS num_of_delims
    from tbl_string
), cte_nums(nums) AS (
    select 1 as nums
    union all
    select nums + 1
    from cte_nums
    where nums <= (select num_of_delims from cte_num_of_delims)
), cte_strings_nums_combined as (
    select id,
           strval,
           nums as index
    from cte_nums
    cross join tbl_string
), prefinal as (
    select *,
           split_part(strval, ':', index) as parsed_vals
    from cte_strings_nums_combined
    where parsed_vals != ''
    and index != 1
), final as (
    select *,
           case
               when charindex(',', parsed_vals) = 0
                   then parsed_vals
               else left(parsed_vals, charindex(',', parsed_vals) - 1)
               end as final_vals
    from prefinal
)
select listagg(final_vals, ',')
from final