这里有几个问题。
1.排印错误：/n代替f.write("{0}:{1},/n"...中的\n
1.当你在循环中第一次执行list(f)时，它会调用f.readlines()，将阅读“指针”移动到文件末尾，所以所有后续的list(f)调用都会返回一个空列表，注意这种隐藏状态。

1. list(f)在它返回的行中包含换行符，并且在任何答案的末尾都有一个逗号，所以answer得到类似"word,\n"的结果，在比较answer和result之前，必须去掉这两个字符。
   1.它在第一个问题后停止运行，因为在提问部分没有循环。
   1.另外，Python 3中没有raw_input，只有input。
   考虑到所有这些，固定程序（更改最少）可能看起来像：

import os
import random

#Asks users if they want to add more vocabulary
word_adder=input("Add more words? If yes, press 1: ")
with open("Russian_study.txt","a") as f:
    while word_adder=="1":
        word=input("Enter word: ")
        translation=input("Word translation: ")
        f.write("{0}:{1},\n".format(word,translation))
        word_adder=input("Add another word? If yes, press 1: ")

#Checks to see if file exists, if not one is created
with open("Russian_study.txt","a") as f:
    pass

os.system('clear')
print("Begin Quiz")

#Begin testing user
with open("Russian_study.txt","r") as f:
    l = list(f)
    from random import choice
    while True:
        question, answer = choice(l).split(':')
        answer = answer[:-2]
        result = input('{0} is '.format(question))
        print('Correct' if result==answer else ':( ')

代码对我有用。谢谢所有的帮助
导入操作系统导入随机

#Asks users if they want to add more vocabulary
word_adder=raw_input("Add more words? If yes, press 1: ")
with open("Russian_study.txt","a") as f:
    while word_adder=="1":
    word=raw_input("Enter word: ")
    translation=raw_input("Word translation: ")
    f.write("{0}:{1},\n".format(word,translation))
    word_adder=raw_input("Add another word? If yes, press 1: ")

#Checks to see if file exists, if not one is created
with open("Russian_study.txt","a") as f:
    pass

os.system('clear')
print("Begin Quiz")

#Begin testing user
with open("Russian_study.txt","r") as f:
    l = list(f)
    from random import choice
    while True:
        question, answer = choice(l).split(':')
        answer = answer[:-2]
        result = raw_input('{0} is '.format(question))
        print('Correct' if result==answer else ':( ')