我尝试在ARM M33上使用gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major工具链和QEMU构建googletest。我有一个简单的C程序，通过半托管调用printf（）等，但现在我尝试合并一些简单的C++，即#include <iostream>。然而，当我这样做时，我面临以下错误：

/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: ../../cpp/call_gtest.o: in function `__static_initialization_and_destruction_0':
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/arm-none-eabi/include/c++/9.2.1/iostream:77: undefined reference to `__dso_handle'
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/thumb/v8-m.main+fp/hard/libstdc++.a(cxx11-ios_failure.o): in function `(anonymous namespace)::__io_category_instance()':
cxx11-ios_failure.cc:(.text._ZN12_GLOBAL__N_122__io_category_instanceEv+0x38): undefined reference to `__dso_handle'
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/thumb/v8-m.main+fp/hard/libstdc++.a(system_error.o): in function `_GLOBAL__sub_I__ZSt20__throw_system_errori':
system_error.cc:(.text.startup._GLOBAL__sub_I__ZSt20__throw_system_errori+0x1c): undefined reference to `__dso_handle'
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/thumb/v8-m.main+fp/hard/libg.a(lib_a-fini.o): in function `__libc_fini_array':
fini.c:(.text.__libc_fini_array+0x20): undefined reference to `_fini'
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: ../out/kernel.elf: hidden symbol `__dso_handle' isn't defined
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: final link failed: bad value
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [../..//include.mk:72: ../out/kernel.elf] Error 1

我试过用this帖子中的-fno-use-cxa-atexit编译，但没有成功。我绝对不会用-nostdlib标志编译。
我的链接器脚本（取自CMSIS）：

/******************************************************************************
 * @file     gcc_arm.ld
 * @brief    GNU Linker Script for Cortex-M based device
 * @version  V2.2.0
 * @date     16. December 2020
 ******************************************************************************/
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2020 Arm Limited. All rights reserved.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may
 * not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an AS IS BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

/*
 *-------- <<< Use Configuration Wizard in Context Menu >>> -------------------
 */

/*---------------------- Flash Configuration ----------------------------------
  <h> Flash Configuration
    <o0> Flash Base Address <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
    <o1> Flash Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
  </h>
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* See https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiY67e2meD8AhUKQ0EAHSwmBSIQFnoECCAQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdocumentation-service.arm.com%2Fstatic%2F5ed11469ca06a95ce53f8ed7%3Ftoken%3D&usg=AOvVaw0o2b4qMG6MiKjhd_STNKqR
*/
__ROM_BASE = 0x10000000;
__ROM_SIZE = 200M;

/*--------------------- Embedded RAM Configuration ----------------------------
  <h> RAM Configuration
    <o0> RAM Base Address    <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
    <o1> RAM Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
  </h>
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* See https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiY67e2meD8AhUKQ0EAHSwmBSIQFnoECCAQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdocumentation-service.arm.com%2Fstatic%2F5ed11469ca06a95ce53f8ed7%3Ftoken%3D&usg=AOvVaw0o2b4qMG6MiKjhd_STNKqR
*/
__RAM_BASE = 0x38000000;
__RAM_SIZE = 2048K;

/*--------------------- Stack / Heap Configuration ----------------------------
  <h> Stack / Heap Configuration
    <o0> Stack Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
    <o1> Heap Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
  </h>
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
__STACK_SIZE = 0x00100000;
__HEAP_SIZE  = 0x00000100;

/*
 *-------------------- <<< end of configuration section >>> -------------------
 */

/* ARMv8-M stack sealing:
   to use ARMv8-M stack sealing set __STACKSEAL_SIZE to 8 otherwise keep 0
 */
__STACKSEAL_SIZE = 0;

MEMORY
{
  FLASH (rx)  : ORIGIN = __ROM_BASE, LENGTH = __ROM_SIZE
  RAM   (rwx) : ORIGIN = __RAM_BASE, LENGTH = __RAM_SIZE
}

/* Linker script to place sections and symbol values. Should be used together
 * with other linker script that defines memory regions FLASH and RAM.
 * It references following symbols, which must be defined in code:
 *   Reset_Handler : Entry of reset handler
 *
 * It defines following symbols, which code can use without definition:
 *   __exidx_start
 *   __exidx_end
 *   __copy_table_start__
 *   __copy_table_end__
 *   __zero_table_start__
 *   __zero_table_end__
 *   __etext
 *   __data_start__
 *   __preinit_array_start
 *   __preinit_array_end
 *   __init_array_start
 *   __init_array_end
 *   __fini_array_start
 *   __fini_array_end
 *   __data_end__
 *   __bss_start__
 *   __bss_end__
 *   __end__
 *   end
 *   __HeapLimit
 *   __StackLimit
 *   __StackTop
 *   __stack
 *   __StackSeal      (only if ARMv8-M stack sealing is used)
 */
ENTRY(Reset_Handler)

SECTIONS
{
  .text :
  {
    KEEP(*(.vectors))
    *(.text*)

    KEEP(*(.init))
    KEEP(*(.fini))

    /* .ctors */
    *crtbegin.o(.ctors)
    *crtbegin?.o(.ctors)
    *(EXCLUDE_FILE(*crtend?.o *crtend.o) .ctors)
    *(SORT(.ctors.*))
    *(.ctors)

    /* .dtors */
    *crtbegin.o(.dtors)
    *crtbegin?.o(.dtors)
    *(EXCLUDE_FILE(*crtend?.o *crtend.o) .dtors)
    *(SORT(.dtors.*))
    *(.dtors)

    *(.rodata*)

    KEEP(*(.eh_frame*))
  } > FLASH

  /*
   * SG veneers:
   * All SG veneers are placed in the special output section .gnu.sgstubs. Its start address
   * must be set, either with the command line option �--section-start� or in a linker script,
   * to indicate where to place these veneers in memory.
   */
/*
  .gnu.sgstubs :
  {
    . = ALIGN(32);
  } > FLASH
*/
  .ARM.extab :
  {
    *(.ARM.extab* .gnu.linkonce.armextab.*)
  } > FLASH

  __exidx_start = .;
  .ARM.exidx :
  {
    *(.ARM.exidx* .gnu.linkonce.armexidx.*)
  } > FLASH
  __exidx_end = .;

  .copy.table :
  {
    . = ALIGN(4);
    __copy_table_start__ = .;

    LONG (__etext)
    LONG (__data_start__)
    LONG ((__data_end__ - __data_start__) / 4)

    /* Add each additional data section here */
/*
    LONG (__etext2)
    LONG (__data2_start__)
    LONG ((__data2_end__ - __data2_start__) / 4)
*/
    __copy_table_end__ = .;
  } > FLASH

  .zero.table :
  {
    . = ALIGN(4);
    __zero_table_start__ = .;
    /* Add each additional bss section here */
/*
    LONG (__bss2_start__)
    LONG ((__bss2_end__ - __bss2_start__) / 4)
*/
    __zero_table_end__ = .;
  } > FLASH

  /**
   * Location counter can end up 2byte aligned with narrow Thumb code but
   * __etext is assumed by startup code to be the LMA of a section in RAM
   * which must be 4byte aligned
   */
  __etext = ALIGN (4);

  .data : AT (__etext)
  {
    __data_start__ = .;
    *(vtable)
    *(.data)
    *(.data.*)

    . = ALIGN(4);
    /* preinit data */
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .);
    KEEP(*(.preinit_array))
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);

    . = ALIGN(4);
    /* init data */
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
    KEEP(*(SORT(.init_array.*)))
    KEEP(*(.init_array))
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);

    . = ALIGN(4);
    /* finit data */
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .);
    KEEP(*(SORT(.fini_array.*)))
    KEEP(*(.fini_array))
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);

    KEEP(*(.jcr*))
    . = ALIGN(4);
    /* All data end */
    __data_end__ = .;

  } > RAM

  /*
   * Secondary data section, optional
   *
   * Remember to add each additional data section
   * to the .copy.table above to asure proper
   * initialization during startup.
   */
/*
  __etext2 = ALIGN (4);

  .data2 : AT (__etext2)
  {
    . = ALIGN(4);
    __data2_start__ = .;
    *(.data2)
    *(.data2.*)
    . = ALIGN(4);
    __data2_end__ = .;

  } > RAM2
*/

  .bss :
  {
    . = ALIGN(4);
    __bss_start__ = .;
    *(.bss)
    *(.bss.*)
    *(COMMON)
    . = ALIGN(4);
    __bss_end__ = .;
  } > RAM AT > RAM

  /*
   * Secondary bss section, optional
   *
   * Remember to add each additional bss section
   * to the .zero.table above to asure proper
   * initialization during startup.
   */
/*
  .bss2 :
  {
    . = ALIGN(4);
    __bss2_start__ = .;
    *(.bss2)
    *(.bss2.*)
    . = ALIGN(4);
    __bss2_end__ = .;
  } > RAM2 AT > RAM2
*/

  .heap (COPY) :
  {
    . = ALIGN(8);
    __end__ = .;
    PROVIDE(end = .);
    . = . + __HEAP_SIZE;
    . = ALIGN(8);
    __HeapLimit = .;
  } > RAM

  .stack (ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM) - __STACK_SIZE - __STACKSEAL_SIZE) (COPY) :
  {
    . = ALIGN(8);
    __StackLimit = .;
    . = . + __STACK_SIZE;
    . = ALIGN(8);
    __StackTop = .;
  } > RAM
  PROVIDE(__stack = __StackTop);

  /* ARMv8-M stack sealing:
     to use ARMv8-M stack sealing uncomment '.stackseal' section
   */
/*
  .stackseal (ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM) - __STACKSEAL_SIZE) (COPY) :
  {
    . = ALIGN(8);
    __StackSeal = .;
    . = . + 8;
    . = ALIGN(8);
  } > RAM
*/

  /* Check if data + heap + stack exceeds RAM limit */
  ASSERT(__StackLimit >= __HeapLimit, "region RAM overflowed with stack")
  ASSERT(__StackTop <= ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM), "RAM overflowed")
}

混凝土：

CFLAGS += -mcpu=$(PROCESSOR_NAME) \
          -g \
          -nostartfiles -ffreestanding \
          -mthumb \
          -ffunction-sections \
          -Wl,--gc-sections \
          -mfloat-abi=hard -Wextra --specs=rdimon.specs -fno-use-cxa-atexit

C++代码是从C：

#include <stdio.h>
#include "call_gtest.h"
// #include <iostream>

using namespace namespace1;

    AAA::AAA() {
    }

    int AAA::sayHi(void) {
        printf("This is working\n");
        // std::cout << "This is not working."<< std::endl;
        return 1;
    }

其中入口点为_start（）：

void _start(void)
{
    initialise_monitor_handles(); // required for semihosting

    int a = AAA_sayHi();

    exit_qemu("Program exiting.\n");

    while (1)
    {
        __NOP();
    }
}

startup script由CMSIS_5提供。
更新：我已经通过显式地将crtbegin.o和crtend.o链接到我的映像（遵循here的说明），设法摆脱了undefined reference to '__dso_handle'错误，但这给我留下了undefined reference to '_fini'错误。
虽然我可以通过插入

/* Include the list of initialization functions sorted. */
  .init_array :
  {
      crti.o(.init_array)
      KEEP (*(SORT(EXCLUDE_FILE(crti.o crtn.o) .init_array.*)))
      KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE(crti.o crtn.o) .init_array))
      crtn.o(.init_array)
  }

  /* Include the list of termination functions sorted. */
  .fini_array :
  {
      crti.o(.fini_array)
      KEEP (*(SORT(EXCLUDE_FILE(crti.o crtn.o) .fini_array.*)))
      KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE(crti.o crtn.o) .fini_array))
      crtn.o(.fini_array)
  }

到我的链接器脚本中（我不知道为什么这样可以满足链接器），我对std::cout的调用崩溃并出现handfault。
我也尝试过编写自己的crti.c和crtn.c，但是链接器似乎忽略了它们。