如果列名总是col_yyyy_mm_dd的形式，那么这里有一些代码可以提取日期，找到最后一个和倒数第二个，并将它们与!!一起使用来进行过滤。

library(stringr)
library(dplyr)

p_wide <- read.table(text="id   col_2022_09_04   col_2022_09_11   col_2022_09_18   col_2022_09_25
01        0.3               0.8              0.9              0.1
02        0.6               0.1              0.4              0.5
03        0.2               0.1              0.3              0.4
04        0.1               0.7              0.4              0.9", header = T)

# Get the names of the columns
column_names <- names(p_wide)
# Create a regex to look for dates of the form yyyy_mm_dd
dates_regex <- regex('[0-9]{4}_[0-9]{2}_[0-9]{2}')
# Find the dates
dates <- str_match(string = column_names, dates_regex)[,1] %>% na.omit() 
# Find the last date and make a symbol for use later
last_date_column <- sym(paste0('col_', max(dates)))
# Find the last but one date - again as a symbol
last_date_but_one_column <- sym(paste0('col_', head(tail(dates, 2), 1)))

# Filter using the calculated variables
p_wide %>% filter(abs(!!last_date_but_one_column - !!last_date_column) > .33)

# id col_2022_09_04 col_2022_09_11 col_2022_09_18 col_2022_09_25
# 1  1            0.3            0.8            0.9            0.1
# 2  4            0.1            0.7            0.4            0.9