最简单的方法是默认使用master作为引用：

# if your current branch has no registered remote:
git diff --name-only origin/master..<commit>

根据我的经验，这往往是绰绰有余的。
如果你真的想更精确地知道应该推送什么，你可以尝试一些更有趣的方法来确定什么是“离你的远程仓库最近的提交”，并与之进行比较：

# step by step:
# the following command will print the name of all known remote branches:
git branch -r --format="%(refname:short)"

# the following command will print a list of shas for commits in your branch
# and not yet on the remote:
git rev-list HEAD --not $(git branch -r --format="%(refname:short)")

# get the last of these commits:
last=$(git rev-list HEAD --not $(git branch -r --format="%(refname:short)") | tail -1)

# and take its parent:
git diff --name-only ${last}^..HEAD

• [更新]*

你是对的，正如你在回答中提到的，在git log/git rev-list中有快捷方式可以更直接地列出远程：

last=$(git rev-list HEAD --not --remotes | tail -1)
git diff --name-only ${last}^..HEAD

我在最后想出了这样的东西。（注：这是在PowerShell中。

# Use git log to find out the list of commits that are not in remote yet. Then, pick the oldest commit.
$oldestCommitId = git log --branches --not --remotes --format=format:%H | Select-Object -Last 1

# Do a diff from one before that commit (using ^) until the current HEAD.
$files = git diff "$oldestCommitId^..HEAD" --diff-filter=d --name-only