请注意，如果你有很多点，那么为每个线段调用plt.plot可能会很慢。使用LineCollection对象更有效。
使用colorline recipe，您可以执行以下操作：

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.collections as mcoll
import matplotlib.path as mpath

def colorline(
    x, y, z=None, cmap=plt.get_cmap('copper'), norm=plt.Normalize(0.0, 1.0),
        linewidth=3, alpha=1.0):
    """
    http://nbviewer.ipython.org/github/dpsanders/matplotlib-examples/blob/master/colorline.ipynb
    http://matplotlib.org/examples/pylab_examples/multicolored_line.html
    Plot a colored line with coordinates x and y
    Optionally specify colors in the array z
    Optionally specify a colormap, a norm function and a line width
    """

    # Default colors equally spaced on [0,1]:
    if z is None:
        z = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, len(x))

    # Special case if a single number:
    if not hasattr(z, "__iter__"):  # to check for numerical input -- this is a hack
        z = np.array([z])

    z = np.asarray(z)

    segments = make_segments(x, y)
    lc = mcoll.LineCollection(segments, array=z, cmap=cmap, norm=norm,
                              linewidth=linewidth, alpha=alpha)

    ax = plt.gca()
    ax.add_collection(lc)

    return lc

def make_segments(x, y):
    """
    Create list of line segments from x and y coordinates, in the correct format
    for LineCollection: an array of the form numlines x (points per line) x 2 (x
    and y) array
    """

    points = np.array([x, y]).T.reshape(-1, 1, 2)
    segments = np.concatenate([points[:-1], points[1:]], axis=1)
    return segments

N = 10
np.random.seed(101)
x = np.random.rand(N)
y = np.random.rand(N)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()

path = mpath.Path(np.column_stack([x, y]))
verts = path.interpolated(steps=3).vertices
x, y = verts[:, 0], verts[:, 1]
z = np.linspace(0, 1, len(x))
colorline(x, y, z, cmap=plt.get_cmap('jet'), linewidth=2)

plt.show()

我最近回答了一个类似的问题（使用matplotlib创建20多种独特的图例颜色）。在那里我展示了你可以Map的颜色循环，你需要绘制你的线条到一个颜色Map。您可以使用相同的步骤为每对点获取特定颜色。
应仔细选择颜色Map，因为如果颜色Map是彩色的，则沿着线条的颜色过渡可能会显得剧烈。
或者，可以更改每条线段的Alpha，范围从0到1。
下面的代码示例中包含一个例程（highResPoints），用于扩展随机游走的点数，因为如果点数太少，过渡可能会显得很激烈。这段代码的灵感来自我最近提供的另一个答案：https://stackoverflow.com/a/8253729/717357

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def highResPoints(x,y,factor=10):
    '''
    Take points listed in two vectors and return them at a higher
    resultion. Create at least factor*len(x) new points that include the
    original points and those spaced in between.

    Returns new x and y arrays as a tuple (x,y).
    '''

    # r is the distance spanned between pairs of points
    r = [0]
    for i in range(1,len(x)):
        dx = x[i]-x[i-1]
        dy = y[i]-y[i-1]
        r.append(np.sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy))
    r = np.array(r)

    # rtot is a cumulative sum of r, it's used to save time
    rtot = []
    for i in range(len(r)):
        rtot.append(r[0:i].sum())
    rtot.append(r.sum())

    dr = rtot[-1]/(NPOINTS*RESFACT-1)
    xmod=[x[0]]
    ymod=[y[0]]
    rPos = 0 # current point on walk along data
    rcount = 1 
    while rPos < r.sum():
        x1,x2 = x[rcount-1],x[rcount]
        y1,y2 = y[rcount-1],y[rcount]
        dpos = rPos-rtot[rcount] 
        theta = np.arctan2((x2-x1),(y2-y1))
        rx = np.sin(theta)*dpos+x1
        ry = np.cos(theta)*dpos+y1
        xmod.append(rx)
        ymod.append(ry)
        rPos+=dr
        while rPos > rtot[rcount+1]:
            rPos = rtot[rcount+1]
            rcount+=1
            if rcount>rtot[-1]:
                break

    return xmod,ymod

#CONSTANTS
NPOINTS = 10
COLOR='blue'
RESFACT=10
MAP='winter' # choose carefully, or color transitions will not appear smoooth

# create random data
np.random.seed(101)
x = np.random.rand(NPOINTS)
y = np.random.rand(NPOINTS)

fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(221) # regular resolution color map
ax2 = fig.add_subplot(222) # regular resolution alpha
ax3 = fig.add_subplot(223) # high resolution color map
ax4 = fig.add_subplot(224) # high resolution alpha

# Choose a color map, loop through the colors, and assign them to the color 
# cycle. You need NPOINTS-1 colors, because you'll plot that many lines 
# between pairs. In other words, your line is not cyclic, so there's 
# no line from end to beginning
cm = plt.get_cmap(MAP)
ax1.set_color_cycle([cm(1.*i/(NPOINTS-1)) for i in range(NPOINTS-1)])
for i in range(NPOINTS-1):
    ax1.plot(x[i:i+2],y[i:i+2])

ax1.text(.05,1.05,'Reg. Res - Color Map')
ax1.set_ylim(0,1.2)

# same approach, but fixed color and 
# alpha is scale from 0 to 1 in NPOINTS steps
for i in range(NPOINTS-1):
    ax2.plot(x[i:i+2],y[i:i+2],alpha=float(i)/(NPOINTS-1),color=COLOR)

ax2.text(.05,1.05,'Reg. Res - alpha')
ax2.set_ylim(0,1.2)

# get higher resolution data
xHiRes,yHiRes = highResPoints(x,y,RESFACT)
npointsHiRes = len(xHiRes)

cm = plt.get_cmap(MAP)

ax3.set_color_cycle([cm(1.*i/(npointsHiRes-1)) 
                     for i in range(npointsHiRes-1)])

for i in range(npointsHiRes-1):
    ax3.plot(xHiRes[i:i+2],yHiRes[i:i+2])

ax3.text(.05,1.05,'Hi Res - Color Map')
ax3.set_ylim(0,1.2)

for i in range(npointsHiRes-1):
    ax4.plot(xHiRes[i:i+2],yHiRes[i:i+2],
             alpha=float(i)/(npointsHiRes-1),
             color=COLOR)
ax4.text(.05,1.05,'High Res - alpha')
ax4.set_ylim(0,1.2)


fig.savefig('gradColorLine.png')
plt.show()

下图显示了四种情况：

对于注解来说太长了，所以只是想确认LineCollection比在行子段上的for循环快得多。
LineCollection方法在我的手中要快得多。

# Setup
x = np.linspace(0,4*np.pi,1000)
y = np.sin(x)
MAP = 'cubehelix'
NPOINTS = len(x)

我们将针对上面的LineCollection方法测试迭代绘图。

%%timeit -n1 -r1
# Using IPython notebook timing magics
fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111) # regular resolution color map
cm = plt.get_cmap(MAP)
for i in range(10):
    ax1.set_color_cycle([cm(1.*i/(NPOINTS-1)) for i in range(NPOINTS-1)])
    for i in range(NPOINTS-1):
        plt.plot(x[i:i+2],y[i:i+2])

1 loops, best of 1: 13.4 s per loop

%%timeit -n1 -r1 
fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111) # regular resolution color map
for i in range(10):
    colorline(x,y,cmap='cubehelix', linewidth=1)

1 loops, best of 1: 532 ms per loop
如果你想要一个平滑的渐变，而你只有几个点，那么对你的线进行上采样以获得更好的颜色渐变，就像当前选择的答案所提供的那样，仍然是一个好主意。

下面是我使用pcolormesh的不同解决方案。每一条线段都是使用四边形绘制的，四边形在每一端的颜色之间进行插值。因此，它是真正的插值颜色，而不添加额外的线段。

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def _get_perp_line(current_seg, out_of_page, linewidth):
    perp = np.cross(current_seg, out_of_page)[0:2]
    perp_unit = _get_unit_vector(perp)
    current_seg_perp_line = perp_unit*linewidth
    return current_seg_perp_line

def _get_unit_vector(vector):
    vector_size = (vector[0]**2 + vector[1]**2)**0.5
    vector_unit = vector / vector_size
    return vector_unit[0:2]

def colored_line(x, y, z=None, line_width=1, MAP='jet'):
    # use pcolormesh to make interpolated rectangles
    num_pts = len(x)
    [xs, ys, zs] = [
        np.zeros((num_pts,2)),
        np.zeros((num_pts,2)),
        np.zeros((num_pts,2))
    ]

    dist = 0
    out_of_page = [0, 0, 1]
    for i in range(num_pts):
        # set the colors and the x,y locations of the source line
        xs[i][0] = x[i]
        ys[i][0] = y[i]
        if i > 0:
            x_delta =  x[i] - x[i-1]
            y_delta =  y[i] - y[i-1]
            seg_length = (x_delta**2 + y_delta**2)**0.5
            dist += seg_length
            zs[i] = [dist, dist]

        # define the offset perpendicular points
        if i == num_pts - 1:
            current_seg = [x[i]-x[i-1], y[i]-y[i-1], 0]
        else:
            current_seg = [x[i+1]-x[i], y[i+1]-y[i], 0]
        current_seg_perp = _get_perp_line(
            current_seg, out_of_page, line_width)
        if i == 0 or i == num_pts - 1:
            xs[i][1] = xs[i][0] + current_seg_perp[0]
            ys[i][1] = ys[i][0] + current_seg_perp[1]
            continue
        current_pt = [x[i], y[i]]
        current_seg_unit = _get_unit_vector(current_seg)
        previous_seg = [x[i]-x[i-1], y[i]-y[i-1], 0]
        previous_seg_perp = _get_perp_line(
            previous_seg, out_of_page, line_width)
        previous_seg_unit = _get_unit_vector(previous_seg)
        # current_pt + previous_seg_perp + scalar * previous_seg_unit =
        # current_pt + current_seg_perp - scalar * current_seg_unit =
        scalar = (
            (current_seg_perp - previous_seg_perp) /
            (previous_seg_unit + current_seg_unit)
        )
        new_pt = current_pt + previous_seg_perp + scalar[0] * previous_seg_unit
        xs[i][1] = new_pt[0]
        ys[i][1] = new_pt[1]

    fig, ax = plt.subplots()
    cm = plt.get_cmap(MAP)
    ax.pcolormesh(xs, ys, zs, shading='gouraud', cmap=cm)
    plt.axis('scaled')
    plt.show()

# create random data
N = 10
np.random.seed(101)
x = np.random.rand(N)
y = np.random.rand(N)
colored_line(x, y, line_width = .01)

基于Yann的回复，我将其扩展到涵盖线点的任意着色。沿着直线在一个点和下一个点之间执行RBG的插值。Alpha可以单独设置。我实际上需要这个解决方案的动画，其中一部分的线是淡出和更新动态，所以我额外增加了设置渐变长度和方向的能力。希望对某人有帮助。
参见随附的示例图。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import collections  as mc
from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
from matplotlib.colors import colorConverter

def colored_line_segments(xs,ys,color):
    if isinstance(color,str):
        color = colorConverter.to_rgba(color)[:-1]
        color = np.array([color for i in range(len(xs))])        
    segs = []
    seg_colors = []    
    lastColor = [color[0][0],color[0][1],color[0][2]]    
    start = [xs[0],ys[0]]
    end = [xs[0],ys[0]]        
    for x,y,c in zip(xs,ys,color):
        seg_colors.append([(chan+lastChan)*.5 for chan,lastChan in zip(c,lastColor)])
        lastColor = [c[0],c[1],c[2]]            
        start = [end[0],end[1]]
        end = [x,y]
        segs.append([start,end])
    colors = [(*color,1) for color in seg_colors]
    lc = mc.LineCollection(segs, colors=colors)
    return lc, segs, colors

def segmented_resample(xs,ys,color,n_resample=100):    
    n_points = len(xs)
    if isinstance(color,str):
        color = colorConverter.to_rgba(color)[:-1]
        color = np.array([color for i in range(n_points)])   
    n_segs = (n_points-1)*(n_resample-1)        
    xsInterp = np.linspace(0,1,n_resample)
    segs = []
    seg_colors = []
    hiResXs = [xs[0]]
    hiResYs = [ys[0]]
    RGB = color.swapaxes(0,1)
    for i in range(n_points-1):
        fit_xHiRes = interp1d([0,1],xs[i:i+2])
        fit_yHiRes = interp1d(xs[i:i+2],ys[i:i+2])
        
        xHiRes = fit_xHiRes(xsInterp)
        yHiRes = fit_yHiRes(xHiRes)    
        
        hiResXs = hiResXs+list(xHiRes[1:])
        hiResYs = hiResYs+list(yHiRes[1:])
        
        R_HiRes = interp1d([0,1],RGB[0][i:i+2])(xHiRes)        
        G_HiRes = interp1d([0,1],RGB[1][i:i+2])(xHiRes)      
        B_HiRes = interp1d([0,1],RGB[2][i:i+2])(xHiRes)       
                        
        lastColor = [R_HiRes[0],G_HiRes[0],B_HiRes[0]]        
        
        start = [xHiRes[0],yHiRes[0]]
        end = [xHiRes[0],yHiRes[0]]
        
        
        for x,y,r,g,b in zip(xHiRes[1:],yHiRes[1:],R_HiRes[1:],G_HiRes[1:],B_HiRes[1:]):
            seg_colors.append([(chan+lastChan)*.5 for chan,lastChan in zip((r,g,b),lastColor)])
            lastColor = [r,g,b]            
            start = [end[0],end[1]]
            end = [x,y]
            segs.append([start,end])

    colors = [(*color,1) for color in seg_colors]    
    return segs, colors, [hiResXs,hiResYs]        

def fadeCollection(xs,ys,color,fade_len=20,n_resample=100,direction='Head'):      
    segs, colors, hiResData = segmented_resample(xs,ys,color,n_resample)    
    n_segs = len(segs)   
    if fade_len>len(segs):
        fade_len=n_segs    
    if direction=='Head':
        #Head fade
        alphas = np.concatenate((np.zeros(n_segs-fade_len),np.linspace(0,1,fade_len)))
    else:        
        #Tail fade
        alphas = np.concatenate((np.linspace(1,0,fade_len),np.zeros(n_segs-fade_len)))
    colors = [(*color[:-1],alpha) for color,alpha in zip(colors,alphas)]
    lc = mc.LineCollection(segs, colors=colors)
    return segs, colors, hiResData 

    
if __name__ == "__main__":

    NPOINTS = 10
    RESAMPLE = 10
    N_FADE = int(RESAMPLE*NPOINTS*0.5)
    N_SEGS = (NPOINTS-1)*(RESAMPLE-1)  

    SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12 = True
    SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34 = False

    np.random.seed(11)
    xs = np.random.rand(NPOINTS)
    ys = np.random.rand(NPOINTS)

    COLOR='b'
    MARKER_COLOR = 'k'
    MARKER = '+'

    CMAP = plt.get_cmap('hsv')
    COLORS = np.array([CMAP(i)[:-1] for i in np.linspace(0,1,NPOINTS)])

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8),dpi=100)
    ax1 = fig.add_subplot(221) # original data
    lc, segs, colors = colored_line_segments(xs,ys,COLORS)
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12: ax1.scatter(xs,ys,marker=MARKER,color=MARKER_COLOR)
    ax1.add_collection(lc)
    ax1.text(.05,1.05,'Original Data')
    ax1.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    ax2 = fig.add_subplot(222, sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled data
    segs, colors, hiResData   = segmented_resample(xs,ys,COLORS,RESAMPLE)
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12: ax2.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],marker=MARKER,color=MARKER_COLOR)
    ax2.add_collection(mc.LineCollection(segs, colors=colors))
    ax2.text(.05,1.05,'Original Data - Resampled')
    ax2.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    ax3 = fig.add_subplot(223, sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled with linear alpha fade start to finish

    segs, colors, hiResData = fadeCollection(xs,ys,COLORS,fade_len=RESAMPLE*NPOINTS,n_resample=RESAMPLE,direction='Head')
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34: ax3.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],marker=MARKER,color=MARKER_COLOR)
    ax3.add_collection(mc.LineCollection(segs, colors=colors))
    ax3.text(.05,1.05,'Resampled - w/Full length fade')
    ax3.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    ax4 = fig.add_subplot(224, sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled with linear alpha fade N_FADE long
    segs, colors, hiResData = fadeCollection(xs,ys,COLORS,fade_len=N_FADE,n_resample=RESAMPLE,direction='Head')
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34: ax4.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],marker=MARKER,color=MARKER_COLOR)
    ax4.add_collection(mc.LineCollection(segs, colors=colors))
    ax4.text(.05,1.05,'Resampled - w/{} point fade'.format(N_FADE))
    ax4.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    fig.savefig('fadeSegmentedColorLine.png')
    plt.show()

**更新：**片段颜色无法再现底层点颜色的方式困扰着我，因此我添加了一个标志，以将片段颜色插值更改为中间或向前。因为有n-1个线段和n个点，你不能让线段颜色完全匹配，但现在它们至少在一端匹配。这也消除了由RGB通道平均所造成的拖尾，就像以前做的那样，我想在某些情况下你可能想要更平滑的版本，所以它仍然存在。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import collections  as mc
from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
from matplotlib.colors import colorConverter

def colored_line_segments(xs,ys,color,mid_colors=False):
    if isinstance(color,str):
        color = colorConverter.to_rgba(color)[:-1]
        color = np.array([color for i in range(len(xs))])        
    segs = []
    seg_colors = []    
    lastColor = [color[0][0],color[0][1],color[0][2]]    
    start = [xs[0],ys[0]]
    end = [xs[0],ys[0]]        
    for x,y,c in zip(xs,ys,color):
        if mid_colors:
            seg_colors.append([(chan+lastChan)*.5 for chan,lastChan in zip(c,lastColor)])        
        else:   
            seg_colors.append(c)        
        lastColor = [c[0],c[1],c[2]]            
        start = [end[0],end[1]]
        end = [x,y]
        segs.append([start,end])
    colors = [(*color,1) for color in seg_colors]
    lc = mc.LineCollection(segs, colors=colors)
    return lc, segs, colors

def segmented_resample(xs,ys,color,n_resample=100,mid_colors=False):    
    n_points = len(xs)
    if isinstance(color,str):
        color = colorConverter.to_rgba(color)[:-1]
        color = np.array([color for i in range(n_points)])   
    n_segs = (n_points-1)*(n_resample-1)        
    xsInterp = np.linspace(0,1,n_resample)
    segs = []
    seg_colors = []
    hiResXs = [xs[0]]
    hiResYs = [ys[0]]
    RGB = color.swapaxes(0,1)
    for i in range(n_points-1):
        fit_xHiRes = interp1d([0,1],xs[i:i+2])
        fit_yHiRes = interp1d(xs[i:i+2],ys[i:i+2])
        
        xHiRes = fit_xHiRes(xsInterp)
        yHiRes = fit_yHiRes(xHiRes)    
        
        hiResXs = hiResXs+list(xHiRes[1:])
        hiResYs = hiResYs+list(yHiRes[1:])
        
        R_HiRes = interp1d([0,1],RGB[0][i:i+2])(xHiRes)        
        G_HiRes = interp1d([0,1],RGB[1][i:i+2])(xHiRes)      
        B_HiRes = interp1d([0,1],RGB[2][i:i+2])(xHiRes)       
                        
        lastColor = [R_HiRes[0],G_HiRes[0],B_HiRes[0]]        
        
        start = [xHiRes[0],yHiRes[0]]
        end = [xHiRes[0],yHiRes[0]]
        if mid_colors: seg_colors.append([R_HiRes[0],G_HiRes[0],B_HiRes[0]])
        for x,y,r,g,b in zip(xHiRes[1:],yHiRes[1:],R_HiRes[1:],G_HiRes[1:],B_HiRes[1:]):
            if mid_colors:
                seg_colors.append([(chan+lastChan)*.5 for chan,lastChan in zip((r,g,b),lastColor)])
            else:            
                seg_colors.append([r,g,b])
            
            lastColor = [r,g,b]            
            start = [end[0],end[1]]
            end = [x,y]
            segs.append([start,end])

    colors = [(*color,1) for color in seg_colors]    
    return segs, colors, [hiResXs,hiResYs]        

def faded_segment_resample(xs,ys,color,fade_len=20,n_resample=100,direction='Head'):      
    segs, colors, hiResData = segmented_resample(xs,ys,color,n_resample)    
    n_segs = len(segs)   
    if fade_len>len(segs):
        fade_len=n_segs    
    if direction=='Head':
        #Head fade
        alphas = np.concatenate((np.zeros(n_segs-fade_len),np.linspace(0,1,fade_len)))
    else:        
        #Tail fade
        alphas = np.concatenate((np.linspace(1,0,fade_len),np.zeros(n_segs-fade_len)))
    colors = [(*color[:-1],alpha) for color,alpha in zip(colors,alphas)]
    lc = mc.LineCollection(segs, colors=colors)
    return segs, colors, hiResData 

    
if __name__ == "__main__":

    NPOINTS = 10
    RESAMPLE = 10
    N_FADE = int(RESAMPLE*NPOINTS*0.5)
    N_SEGS = (NPOINTS-1)*(RESAMPLE-1)  

    SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12 = True
    SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34 = True

    np.random.seed(11)
    xs = np.random.rand(NPOINTS)
    ys = np.random.rand(NPOINTS)

    COLOR='b'

    MARKER = '.'
    #MARKER_COLOR = 'k'
    CMAP = plt.get_cmap('hsv')
    COLORS = np.array([CMAP(i)[:-1] for i in np.linspace(0,1,NPOINTS)])
    MARKER_COLOR = COLORS
    
    N_SCATTER = (NPOINTS-1)*(RESAMPLE-1)+1
    COLORS_LONG = np.array([CMAP(i)[:-1] for i in np.linspace(1/N_SCATTER,1,N_SCATTER)])

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8),dpi=100)
    ax1 = fig.add_subplot(221) # original data
    lc, segs, colors = colored_line_segments(xs,ys,COLORS,True)
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12: ax1.scatter(xs,ys,marker=MARKER,color=COLORS)
    ax1.add_collection(lc)
    ax1.text(.05,1.05,'Original Data')
    ax1.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    ax2 = fig.add_subplot(222, sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled data
    segs, colors, hiResData   = segmented_resample(xs,ys,COLORS,RESAMPLE)
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12: ax2.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],marker=MARKER,color=COLORS_LONG)
    ax2.add_collection(mc.LineCollection(segs, colors=colors))
    ax2.text(.05,1.05,'Original Data - Resampled')
    ax2.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    ax3 = fig.add_subplot(223, sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled with linear alpha fade start to finish

    segs, colors, hiResData = faded_segment_resample(xs,ys,COLORS,fade_len=RESAMPLE*NPOINTS,n_resample=RESAMPLE,direction='Head')
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34: ax3.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],marker=MARKER,color=COLORS_LONG)
    ax3.add_collection(mc.LineCollection(segs, colors=colors))
    ax3.text(.05,1.05,'Resampled - w/Full length fade')
    ax3.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    ax4 = fig.add_subplot(224, sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled with linear alpha fade N_FADE long
    segs, colors, hiResData = faded_segment_resample(xs,ys,COLORS,fade_len=N_FADE,n_resample=RESAMPLE,direction='Head')
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34: ax4.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],marker=MARKER,color=COLORS_LONG)
    ax4.add_collection(mc.LineCollection(segs, colors=colors))
    ax4.text(.05,1.05,'Resampled - w/{} point fade'.format(N_FADE))
    ax4.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    fig.savefig('fadeSegmentedColorLine.png')
    plt.show()

**更新2：**承诺这是最后一个。.但是我将其扩展到3d并纠正了一些不明显的错误，因为所使用的测试数据在0，1范围内

import numpy as np
from matplotlib.collections import LineCollection as lc
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d import Line3DCollection as lc3d

from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
from matplotlib.colors import colorConverter

def colored_line_segments(xs,ys,zs=None,color='k',mid_colors=False):
    if isinstance(color,str):
        color = colorConverter.to_rgba(color)[:-1]
        color = np.array([color for i in range(len(xs))])   
    segs = []
    seg_colors = []    
    lastColor = [color[0][0],color[0][1],color[0][2]]        
    start = [xs[0],ys[0]]
    end = [xs[0],ys[0]]        
    if not zs is None:
        start.append(zs[0])
        end.append(zs[0])     
    else:
        zs = [zs]*len(xs)            
    for x,y,z,c in zip(xs,ys,zs,color):
        if mid_colors:
            seg_colors.append([(chan+lastChan)*.5 for chan,lastChan in zip(c,lastColor)])        
        else:   
            seg_colors.append(c)        
        lastColor = c[:-1]           
        if not z is None:
            start = [end[0],end[1],end[2]]
            end = [x,y,z]
        else:
            start = [end[0],end[1]]
            end = [x,y]                 
        segs.append([start,end])               
    colors = [(*color,1) for color in seg_colors]    
    return segs, colors

def segmented_resample(xs,ys,zs=None,color='k',n_resample=100,mid_colors=False):    
    n_points = len(xs)
    if isinstance(color,str):
        color = colorConverter.to_rgba(color)[:-1]
        color = np.array([color for i in range(n_points)])   
    n_segs = (n_points-1)*(n_resample-1)        
    xsInterp = np.linspace(0,1,n_resample)    
    segs = []
    seg_colors = []
    hiResXs = [xs[0]]
    hiResYs = [ys[0]]    
    if not zs is None:
        hiResZs = [zs[0]]        
    RGB = color.swapaxes(0,1)
    for i in range(n_points-1):        
        fit_xHiRes = interp1d([0,1],xs[i:i+2])
        fit_yHiRes = interp1d([0,1],ys[i:i+2])        
        xHiRes = fit_xHiRes(xsInterp)
        yHiRes = fit_yHiRes(xsInterp)    
        hiResXs = hiResXs+list(xHiRes[1:])
        hiResYs = hiResYs+list(yHiRes[1:])   
        R_HiRes = interp1d([0,1],RGB[0][i:i+2])(xsInterp)        
        G_HiRes = interp1d([0,1],RGB[1][i:i+2])(xsInterp)      
        B_HiRes = interp1d([0,1],RGB[2][i:i+2])(xsInterp)                               
        lastColor = [R_HiRes[0],G_HiRes[0],B_HiRes[0]]                
        start = [xHiRes[0],yHiRes[0]]
        end = [xHiRes[0],yHiRes[0]]           
        if not zs is None:
            fit_zHiRes = interp1d([0,1],zs[i:i+2])             
            zHiRes = fit_zHiRes(xsInterp)             
            hiResZs = hiResZs+list(zHiRes[1:]) 
            start.append(zHiRes[0])
            end.append(zHiRes[0])                
        else:
            zHiRes = [zs]*len(xHiRes) 
            
        if mid_colors: seg_colors.append([R_HiRes[0],G_HiRes[0],B_HiRes[0]])        
        for x,y,z,r,g,b in zip(xHiRes[1:],yHiRes[1:],zHiRes[1:],R_HiRes[1:],G_HiRes[1:],B_HiRes[1:]):
            if mid_colors:
                seg_colors.append([(chan+lastChan)*.5 for chan,lastChan in zip((r,g,b),lastColor)])
            else:            
                seg_colors.append([r,g,b])            
            lastColor = [r,g,b]            
            if not z is None:
                start = [end[0],end[1],end[2]]
                end = [x,y,z]  
            else:
                start = [end[0],end[1]]
                end = [x,y]                
            segs.append([start,end])

    colors = [(*color,1) for color in seg_colors]    
    data = [hiResXs,hiResYs] 
    if not zs is None:
        data = [hiResXs,hiResYs,hiResZs] 
    return segs, colors, data      

def faded_segment_resample(xs,ys,zs=None,color='k',fade_len=20,n_resample=100,direction='Head'):      
    segs, colors, hiResData = segmented_resample(xs,ys,zs,color,n_resample)    
    n_segs = len(segs)   
    if fade_len>len(segs):
        fade_len=n_segs    
    if direction=='Head':
        #Head fade
        alphas = np.concatenate((np.zeros(n_segs-fade_len),np.linspace(0,1,fade_len)))
    else:        
        #Tail fade
        alphas = np.concatenate((np.linspace(1,0,fade_len),np.zeros(n_segs-fade_len)))
    colors = [(*color[:-1],alpha) for color,alpha in zip(colors,alphas)]
    return segs, colors, hiResData 

def test2d():
    NPOINTS = 10
    RESAMPLE = 10
    N_FADE = int(RESAMPLE*NPOINTS*0.5)
    N_SEGS = (NPOINTS-1)*(RESAMPLE-1)  

    SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12 = True
    SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34 = True

    np.random.seed(11)
    xs = np.random.rand(NPOINTS)
    ys = np.random.rand(NPOINTS)
    
    MARKER = '.'
    CMAP = plt.get_cmap('hsv')
    COLORS = np.array([CMAP(i)[:-1] for i in np.linspace(0,1,NPOINTS)])
    MARKER_COLOR = COLORS
    
    N_SCATTER = (NPOINTS-1)*(RESAMPLE-1)+1
    COLORS_LONG = np.array([CMAP(i)[:-1] for i in np.linspace(1/N_SCATTER,1,N_SCATTER)])

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8),dpi=100)
    ax1 = fig.add_subplot(221) # original data
    segs, colors = colored_line_segments(xs,ys,color=COLORS,mid_colors=True)
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12: ax1.scatter(xs,ys,marker=MARKER,color=COLORS)
    ax1.add_collection(lc(segs, colors=colors))
    ax1.text(.05,1.05,'Original Data')
    ax1.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    ax2 = fig.add_subplot(222, sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled data
    segs, colors, hiResData   = segmented_resample(xs,ys,color=COLORS,n_resample=RESAMPLE)
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12: ax2.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],marker=MARKER,color=COLORS_LONG)
    ax2.add_collection(lc(segs, colors=colors))
    ax2.text(.05,1.05,'Original Data - Resampled')
    ax2.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    ax3 = fig.add_subplot(223, sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled with linear alpha fade start to finish

    segs, colors, hiResData = faded_segment_resample(xs,ys,color=COLORS,fade_len=RESAMPLE*NPOINTS,n_resample=RESAMPLE,direction='Head')
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34: ax3.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],marker=MARKER,color=COLORS_LONG)
    ax3.add_collection(lc(segs, colors=colors))
    ax3.text(.05,1.05,'Resampled - w/Full length fade')
    ax3.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    ax4 = fig.add_subplot(224, sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled with linear alpha fade N_FADE long
    segs, colors, hiResData = faded_segment_resample(xs,ys,color=COLORS,fade_len=N_FADE,n_resample=RESAMPLE,direction='Head')
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34: ax4.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],marker=MARKER,color=COLORS_LONG)
    ax4.add_collection(lc(segs, colors=colors))
    ax4.text(.05,1.05,'Resampled - w/{} point fade'.format(N_FADE))
    ax4.set_ylim(0,1.2)

    fig.savefig('2d_fadeSegmentedColorLine.png')
    plt.show()
    
    
def test3d():
    def set_view(axi):
        axi.set_xlim(-.65,.65)
        axi.set_ylim(-.65,.75)
        axi.set_zlim(-.65,.65)
        axi.view_init(elev=45, azim= 45)
    
    NPOINTS = 40
    RESAMPLE = 2
    N_FADE = int(RESAMPLE*NPOINTS*0.5)
    
    N_FADE = 20
    
    N_SEGS = (NPOINTS-1)*(RESAMPLE-1)  

    SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12 = True
    SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34 = False

    alpha = np.linspace(.5,1.5,NPOINTS)*np.pi
    theta = np.linspace(.25,1.5,NPOINTS)*np.pi
    rad = np.linspace(0,1,NPOINTS)        
    xs = rad*np.sin(theta)*np.cos(alpha)
    ys = rad*np.sin(theta)*np.sin(alpha)
    zs = rad*np.cos(theta)
    
    MARKER = '.'
    CMAP = plt.get_cmap('hsv')
    COLORS = np.array([CMAP(i)[:-1] for i in np.linspace(0,1,NPOINTS)])
    MARKER_COLOR = COLORS
    
    N_SCATTER = (NPOINTS-1)*(RESAMPLE-1)+1
    COLORS_LONG = np.array([CMAP(i)[:-1] for i in np.linspace(1/N_SCATTER,1,N_SCATTER)])

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8),dpi=100)
    ax1 = fig.add_subplot(221,projection='3d') # original data
    segs, colors = colored_line_segments(xs,ys,zs,color=COLORS,mid_colors=True)
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12: ax1.scatter(xs,ys,zs,marker=MARKER,color=COLORS)
    ax1.add_collection(lc3d(segs, colors=colors))

    ax2 = fig.add_subplot(222, projection='3d', sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled data
    segs, colors, hiResData   = segmented_resample(xs,ys,zs,color=COLORS,n_resample=RESAMPLE)
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_12: ax2.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],hiResData[2],marker=MARKER,color=COLORS_LONG)
    ax2.add_collection(lc3d(segs, colors=colors))

    ax3 = fig.add_subplot(223,projection='3d', sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled with linear alpha fade start to finish
    segs, colors, hiResData = faded_segment_resample(xs,ys,zs,color=COLORS,fade_len=RESAMPLE*NPOINTS,n_resample=RESAMPLE,direction='Head')
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34: ax3.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],hiResData[2],marker=MARKER,color=COLORS_LONG)
    ax3.add_collection(lc3d(segs, colors=colors))

    ax4 = fig.add_subplot(224,projection='3d', sharex=ax1, sharey=ax1) # resampled with linear alpha fade N_FADE long
    segs, colors, hiResData = faded_segment_resample(xs,ys,zs,color=COLORS,fade_len=N_FADE,n_resample=RESAMPLE,direction='Head')
    if SHOW_POINTS_AXI_34: ax4.scatter(hiResData[0],hiResData[1],hiResData[2],marker=MARKER,color=COLORS_LONG)
    ax4.add_collection(lc3d(segs, colors=colors))
    
    labels = ('Original Data',
              'Original Data - Resampled',
              'Resampled - w/Full length fade',
              'Resampled - w/{} point fade'.format(N_FADE) )
                            
    for ax,label in zip((ax1,ax2,ax3,ax4),labels):
        set_view(ax)
        ax.text(.6,-.6,1.55,label)

    fig.savefig('3d_fadeSegmentedColorLine.png')
    plt.show()    
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    test2d()
    test3d()

我使用了@alexbw代码，用于绘制抛物线。效果非常好。我可以改变颜色的功能。对于计算，我花了大约1分30秒。我使用的是英特尔i5，图形2GB，8 GB内存。
代码如下：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cm
import matplotlib.collections as mcoll
import matplotlib.path as mpath

x = np.arange(-8, 4, 0.01)
y = 1 + 0.5 * x**2

MAP = 'jet'
NPOINTS = len(x)

fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111) 
cm = plt.get_cmap(MAP)
for i in range(10):
    ax1.set_color_cycle([cm(1.0*i/(NPOINTS-1)) for i in range(NPOINTS-1)])
    for i in range(NPOINTS-1):
        plt.plot(x[i:i+2],y[i:i+2])

plt.title('Inner minimization', fontsize=25)
plt.xlabel(r'Friction torque $[Nm]$', fontsize=25)
plt.ylabel(r'Accelerations energy $[\frac{Nm}{s^2}]$', fontsize=25)
plt.show() # Show the figure

结果是：

下面是一个非常简短的解决方案，它使用了itertools文档中的sliding_window配方。

from collections import deque
from itertools import islice
from matplotlib import collections as mc
from matplotlib.colors import colorConverter
import numpy as np

def sliding_window(iterable, n):
  """
  sliding_window('ABCDEFG', 4) -> ABCD BCDE CDEF DEFG
  
  recipe from python docs
  """
  it = iter(iterable)
  window = deque(islice(it, n), maxlen=n)
  if len(window) == n:
      yield tuple(window)
  for x in it:
      window.append(x)
      yield tuple(window)

def color_gradient(x, y, c1, c2):
  """
  Creates a line collection with a gradient from colors c1 to c2,
  from data x and y.
  """
  n = len(x)
  if len(y) != n:
    raise ValueError('x and y data lengths differ')
  return mc.LineCollection(sliding_window(zip(x, y), 2),
                           colors=np.linspace(colorConverter.to_rgb(c1),
                                              colorConverter.to_rgb(c2), n - 1))

这一个仅在两种颜色（c1和c2）之间线性插值RGB值。它们的指定方式与matplotlib相同，该函数使用colorConverter将它们转换为RGB，然后使用np.linspace进行插值。每一段将是一个单一的颜色，所以这看起来最好，如果你有很多小段。我使用Dizzixx的答案作为参考，但简化了很多。对我的目的有效，这也是一个随机漫步。
示例用法：

plt.gca().add_collection(color_gradient(x_data, y_data,
                                        'black', 'red'))