您可以使用markers in latex form，使用文本或数字作为标记。为此，您可以编写marker='$...$'，类似于matplotlib标签中使用latex的方式。请注意，这些标记会自动居中。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

n = np.arange(1, 14)
theta = np.pi * n * (3 - np.sqrt(5))
r = np.sqrt(n)
x = r * np.cos(theta)
y = r * np.sin(theta)
x_y_colours = plt.get_cmap('hsv')(n / n.max())
x_y_labels = [*'abcdefghijklm']

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
for xi, yi, color_i, label_i, txt in zip(x, y, x_y_colours, x_y_labels, n):
    ax.scatter(xi, yi, marker=f'${txt}$', s=200, color=color_i, label=label_i)
ax.legend(markerscale=0.5, bbox_to_anchor=[1.01, 1.01], loc='upper left')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()