从我所看到的，你没有安装pg_cron任何地方。由于它没有与默认的Postgres Docker镜像打包在一起，因此您必须注意这一点。
例如，通过扩展Image并在docker-compose.yml中使用build条目。

# Dockerfile relative to docker-compose.yml

FROM postgres:11.5

RUN apt-get update && apt-get -y install git build-essential postgresql-server-dev-11

RUN git clone https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron.git
RUN cd pg_cron && make && make install

version: '3.7'
services:
  pg:
    container_name: pg-container
    build: .
    environment:
      POSTGRES_DB: "pgdb"
      POSTGRES_USER: "pguser"
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: "pgpass"
    volumes:
      - ./:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"

这对我很有效-它可能需要更多的优化。

建议的解决方案不适用于我新创建的容器。所以我是这样做的

• • Docker文件**

FROM postgres:11.5

RUN apt-get update && apt-get -y install git build-essential postgresql-server-dev-11

RUN git clone https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron.git
RUN cd pg_cron && make && make install

RUN cd / && \
        rm -rf /pg_cron && \
        apt-get remove -y git build-essential postgresql-server-dev-11 && \
        apt-get autoremove --purge -y && \
        apt-get clean && \
        apt-get purge

COPY init-db /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d

• • init-db/www.example.compg-cron.sh

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# use same db as the one from env
dbname="$POSTGRES_DB"

# create custom config
customconf=/var/lib/postgresql/data/custom-conf.conf
echo "" > $customconf
echo "shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_cron'" >> $customconf
echo "cron.database_name = '$dbname'" >> $customconf
chown postgres $customconf
chgrp postgres $customconf

# include custom config from main config
conf=/var/lib/postgresql/data/postgresql.conf
found=$(grep "include = '$customconf'" $conf)
if [ -z "$found" ]; then
  echo "include = '$customconf'" >> $conf
fi

此外，您可以将其他init文件放入init-db目录。

• • Docker合成文件**

version: '3.7'
services:
  postgres:
    container_name: your-container
    build: .
    environment:
      POSTGRES_DB: "your_db"
      POSTGRES_USER: "your_user"
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: "your_user"
    volumes:
      - pgdata:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"
volumes:
  pgdata:
    driver: local

对于那些正在寻找一个现成的形象，请尝试以下：

docker pull ramazanpolat/postgres_cron:11

上面的东西对我都不起作用。最后使用以下程序：

git clone https://github.com/ramazanpolat/postgres_cron.git
cd postgres_cron

在此目录中编辑Dockerfile为：

FROM postgres:15.1
LABEL MAINTAINER Michael Spitzer <professa@gmx.net>

ENV PG_CRON_VERSION "1.4.2"

RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    postgresql-server-dev-15 postgresql-contrib-15 \
    libcurl4-openssl-dev \
    wget jq cmake build-essential ca-certificates && \
    mkdir /build && \
    cd /build && \
    wget https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron/archive/v$PG_CRON_VERSION.tar.gz && \
    tar xzvf v$PG_CRON_VERSION.tar.gz && \
    cd pg_cron-$PG_CRON_VERSION && \
    make && \
    make install && \
    cd / && \
    rm -rf /build && \
    apt-get remove -y wget jq cmake build-essential ca-certificates && \
    apt-get autoremove --purge -y && \
    apt-get clean && \
    apt-get purge && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

RUN echo "shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_cron'" >> /var/lib/postgresql/data/postgresql.conf
RUN echo "cron.database_name = '${PG_CRON_DB:-pg_cron}'" >> /var/lib/postgresql/data/postgresql.conf

COPY ./docker-entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin/

RUN chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/docker-entrypoint.sh

ENTRYPOINT ["docker-entrypoint.sh"]

EXPOSE 5432
CMD ["postgres"]

在那之后

docker build -t postgres_cron:15 .

运行它：

docker run --name postgresql -e POSTGRES_USER=postgres -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=YourPassword -p 5432:5432 -v /data:/var/lib/postgresql/data -d postgres_cron:15

将YourPassword替换为您的密码。