这是一种可能的方法。我现在意识到主要的事情是在ticks.callback中用return ''替换return null。前者完全杀死不符合要求的线，后者只杀死刻度标签，保留线，这成为一个次要的网格线。
在此之后，还有可脚本化的选项，即可以作为值（字符串，数字）或函数给出的选项-后者是脚本版本，用于使结果适应计算环境-在这种情况下是次要还是主要。
我在下面的代码中确定了所有相关选项，这些选项可用于在视觉上区分次要网格线和主要网格线。你可以只保留其中的一些，也可以一个都不保留。
我还为函数options.scales.y.afterBuildTicks中的滴答添加了一个可能的过滤器，这是该功能的一个演示。也可以过滤ticks.callback中的网格线，实际上返回一些value s的null。
选项，已提取：

const config = {
    type: 'line',
    data: {
        // ............
    },
    options: {
        // ..... other options 
        scales: {
            x: // .....
            y: {
                display: true,
                type: 'logarithmic',

                grid: {
                    tickColor: function(data){ // color of the tick line
                        return data.tick.major ? 'rgb(196, 196, 196)' :
                            'rgba(196, 196, 196, 0)' // minor ticks not visible
                    },
                    lineWidth: function(data){ // the width of grid line
                        return data.tick.major ? 2 : 1
                    },
                    color:function(data){ // the color of the grid line
                        return data.tick.major ? 'rgb(196, 196, 196)' :
                            'rgba(196, 196, 196, 0.5)'
                    }
                },
                border:{
                    dash:function(data){
                        // dash pattern for grid lines
                        // (unexpected position for this option here)
                        return data.tick.major ? null : [5, 1]
                    }
                },
                min: 1,
                afterBuildTicks: function(ax){
                    ax.ticks = ax.ticks.filter(({value})=>{
                        const r = value/ Math.pow(10, Math.floor(Math.log10(value)+1e-5));
                        return Math.abs(r - Math.round(r)) < 1e-5
                    })
                    // this eliminates tick values like 15 or 150 and only keeps
                    // those of the form n*10^m with n, m one digit integers
                    // this might not be necessary
                },
                ticks: {
                    callback: function (value, index, ticks) {
                        if (value === 1000000) return "1M";
                        if (value === 100000) return "100K";
                        if (value === 10000) return "10K";
                        if (value === 1000) return "1K";
                        if (value === 100) return "100";
                        if (value === 10) return "10";
                        if (value === 1) return "1";
                        return '';
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        // ......
    }
}

字符串
完整运行的例子，分叉你的，高度增加，使日志次要网格线可见。

const termFreqWithChartjs = (ctx, series, term, termFreq) => {
    const config = {
        type: 'line',
        data: {
            labels: termFreq.map(e => e.journalYear),
            datasets: [
                {
                    label: series.y1,
                    data: termFreq.map(e => e.total),
                    borderColor: 'red',
                    borderWidth: 1,
                    backgroundColor: 'rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.1)',
                    pointStyle: 'circle',
                    pointRadius: 3,
                    pointBorderColor: 'rgb(0, 0, 0)'
                },
                {
                    label: series.y2,
                    data: termFreq.map(e => e.withImages),
                    borderColor: 'blue',
                    borderWidth: 1,
                    backgroundColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.1)',
                    pointStyle: 'circle',
                    pointRadius: 3,
                    pointBorderColor: 'rgb(0, 0, 0)'
                }
            ]
        },
        options: {
            interaction: {
                intersect: false,
                mode: 'x',
            },
            animation: false,
            responsive: true,
            scales: {
                x: {
                    display: true,
                },
                y: {
                    display: true,
                    type: 'logarithmic',

                    grid: {
                        tickColor: function(data){
                            return data.tick.major ? 'rgb(196, 196, 196)' :
                                'rgba(196, 196, 196, 0)' // minor ticks not visible
                        },
                        lineWidth: function(data){
                            return data.tick.major ? 2 : 1
                        },
                        color:function(data){
                            return data.tick.major ? 'rgb(196, 196, 196)' :
                                'rgba(196, 196, 196, 0.5)'
                        }
                    },
                    border:{
                        dash:function(data){
                            // dash line for grid lines
                            // (unexpected position for this option here)
                            return data.tick.major ? null : [5, 1]
                        }
                    },
                    min: 1,
                    afterBuildTicks: function(ax){
                        ax.ticks = ax.ticks.filter(({value})=>{
                            const r = value/ Math.pow(10, Math.floor(Math.log10(value)+1e-5));
                            return Math.abs(r - Math.round(r)) < 1e-5
                        })
                        // this eliminates tick values like 15 or 150 and only keeps
                        // those of the form n*10^m with n, m one digit integers
                        // this might not be necessary
                    },
                    ticks: {
                        autoSkip: false,
                        callback: function (value, index, ticks) {
                            if (value === 1000000) return "1M";
                            if (value === 100000) return "100K";
                            if (value === 10000) return "10K";
                            if (value === 1000) return "1K";
                            if (value === 100) return "100";
                            if (value === 10) return "10";
                            if (value === 1) return "1";
                            return '';
                        }
                    }
                }
            },
            plugins: {
                title: {
                    display: true,
                    text: `occurrence of '${term}' in text by year`,
                },
                legend: {
                    display: true,
                    position: 'chartArea',
                    labels: {
                        usePointStyle: true,
                    }
                },
                tooltip: {
                    enabled: true
                }
            }
        }
    };

    let canvas = document.getElementById('termFreq');

    if (canvas) {
        termFreqChart.destroy();
        termFreqChart = new Chart(canvas, config);
    }
    else {
        canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
        canvas.id = "termFreq";
        canvas.width = 960;
        canvas.height = 600;
        ctx.appendChild(canvas);
        termFreqChart = new Chart(canvas, config);
    }
}
const termFreq = [
    {
        "journalYear": 1841,
        "total": 3,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1846,
        "total": 2,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1850,
        "total": 2,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1851,
        "total": 26,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1853,
        "total": 5,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1855,
        "total": 7,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1857,
        "total": 27,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1859,
        "total": 30,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1860,
        "total": 4,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1861,
        "total": 9,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1862,
        "total": 18,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1863,
        "total": 4,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1866,
        "total": 12,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1877,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1884,
        "total": 2,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1886,
        "total": 12,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1887,
        "total": 2,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1890,
        "total": 5,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1893,
        "total": 4,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1894,
        "total": 9,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1895,
        "total": 3,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1896,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1902,
        "total": 3,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1904,
        "total": 14,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1905,
        "total": 10,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1910,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1912,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1913,
        "total": 3,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1914,
        "total": 7,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1915,
        "total": 5,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1920,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1922,
        "total": 8,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1924,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1926,
        "total": 5,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1928,
        "total": 5,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1932,
        "total": 2,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1949,
        "total": 3,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1950,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1953,
        "total": 2,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1955,
        "total": 3,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1956,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1958,
        "total": 2,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1959,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1960,
        "total": 2,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1975,
        "total": 2,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1979,
        "total": 136,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1990,
        "total": 27,
        "withImages": 5
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1992,
        "total": 3,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1993,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 1997,
        "total": 1,
        "withImages": 1
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2000,
        "total": 251,
        "withImages": 225
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2001,
        "total": 14,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2003,
        "total": 141,
        "withImages": 139
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2004,
        "total": 2,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2005,
        "total": 62,
        "withImages": 0
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2006,
        "total": 16,
        "withImages": 12
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2007,
        "total": 79,
        "withImages": 17
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2008,
        "total": 42,
        "withImages": 16
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2009,
        "total": 141,
        "withImages": 60
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2010,
        "total": 111,
        "withImages": 5
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2011,
        "total": 62,
        "withImages": 14
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2012,
        "total": 100,
        "withImages": 25
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2013,
        "total": 137,
        "withImages": 129
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2014,
        "total": 54,
        "withImages": 23
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2015,
        "total": 139,
        "withImages": 73
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2016,
        "total": 166,
        "withImages": 36
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2017,
        "total": 87,
        "withImages": 74
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2018,
        "total": 79,
        "withImages": 49
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2019,
        "total": 142,
        "withImages": 96
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2020,
        "total": 84,
        "withImages": 27
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2021,
        "total": 907,
        "withImages": 386
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2022,
        "total": 79,
        "withImages": 50
    },
    {
        "journalYear": 2023,
        "total": 3,
        "withImages": 0
    }
];

const series = {
    x: "journal year",
    y1: "total",
    y2: "with images"
}

const ctx = document.getElementById('graphdiv');
termFreqWithChartjs(ctx, series, 'formica', termFreq);

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js"></script>
<div id="graphdiv"></div>

的数据
请让我知道你对一个小网格线系统的期望中缺少了什么，这样我就可以尝试覆盖它。