在深入研究之后，我找到了一个解决方案，即覆盖trait RedirectsUsers中似乎使用的redirectTo方法
@lagbox提供的解决方案也很好用（在LoginController中添加）：

/**
 * The user has been authenticated.
 *
 * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
 * @param  mixed  $user
 * @return mixed
 */
protected function authenticated(Request $request, $user)
{
    if ($user->role === 'admin') {
        return redirect()->route('admin.analytic');
    } else if ($user->role === 'guest') {
        return redirect()->route('guest.reserve');
    } else if ($user->role === 'receptionist') {
        return redirect()->route('receptionist.booking_list');
    }
}

但我个人更喜欢这种方式（在LoginController中添加）：

protected function redirectTo() {
    switch (Auth::user()->role) {
        case 'admin':
            return route('admin.analytic');
        case 'receptionist':
            return route('receptionist.booking_list');
        case 'guest':
            return route('guest.reserve');
    }
}

另外，如果用户从/login或/register登录，为了重定向回用户，我需要更新RedirectIfAuthenticated中间件上的handle方法：

/**
 * Handle an incoming request.
 *
 * @param  \Closure(\Illuminate\Http\Request): (\Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response)  $next
 */
public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next, string ...$guards): Response
{
    $guards = empty($guards) ? [null] : $guards;
    foreach ($guards as $guard) {
        if (Auth::guard($guard)->check()) {
            switch (Auth::user()->role) {
                case 'admin':
                    return redirect()->route('admin.analytic');
                case 'receptionist':
                    return redirect()->route('receptionist.booking_list');
                case 'guest':
                    return redirect()->route('guest.reserve');
            }
        }
    }

    return $next($request);
}

感谢@Thush-Fdo和@lagbox帮助我！