使用COALESCE和MAX解析函数：

SELECT surgery_date,
       room_nm,
       service_nm,
       COALESCE(
         surgeon_nm,
         MAX(surgeon_nm) OVER (PARTITION BY surgery_date, room_nm, service_nm)
       ) AS surgeon_nm
FROM   table_name
ORDER BY
       surgery_date,
       room_nm,
       service_nm,
       surgeon_nm;

其中，对于样本数据：

CREATE TABLE table_name (SURGERY_DATE, ROOM_NM, SERVICE_NM, SURGEON_NM) AS
SELECT DATE '2022-08-07', 'ROOM 1', 'Orthopedics', 'Johnson, B' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT DATE '2022-08-11', 'ROOM 4', 'Cardiology', 'Glen, D' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT DATE '2022-08-09', 'ROOM 3', 'Gynecology', 'Martin, R' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT DATE '2022-08-11', 'ROOM 2', 'Cardiology', 'Glen, D' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT DATE '2022-08-07', 'ROOM 2', 'Vascular', 'Joseph, L' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT DATE '2022-08-07', 'ROOM 1', 'Anesthesiology', null FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT DATE '2022-08-11', 'ROOM 4', 'Cardiology', null FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT DATE '2022-08-07', 'ROOM 1', 'Orthopedics', null FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT DATE '2022-08-07', 'ROOM 2', 'Head and Neck', null FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT DATE '2022-08-09', 'ROOM 3', 'Gynecology', null FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT DATE '2022-08-08', 'ROOM 1', 'Anesthesiology', null FROM DUAL;

输出：
| 手术日期|房间_NM|服务中心_NM|外科医生_NM|
| --|--|--|--|
| 2019 -08-07 00：00：00|房间1|麻醉学| * 空 *|
| 2019 -08-07 00：00：00|房间1|骨科|Json，B B|
| 2019 -08-07 00：00：00|房间1|骨科|Json，B B|
| 2019 -08-07 00：00：00|室2|头颈| * 空 *|
| 2019 -08-07 00：00：00|室2|血管|约瑟夫湖|
| 2019 -08- 18 00：00：00|房间1|麻醉学| * 空 *|
| 2019 -08- 29 00：00：00|室3|妇科|马丁河|
| 2019 -08- 29 00：00：00|室3|妇科|马丁河|
| 2019 -08-11 00：00：00|室2|心脏病学|格伦角|
| 2019 -08-11 00：00：00|室4|心脏病学|格伦角|
| 2022-08-11 00：00：00|室4|心脏病学|格伦角|
fiddle

你说在那个表中还有其他列，但是它们的值是 distinct 的。如果有一些唯一的行标识符（例如 popularID，这是我添加到示例数据中的），一种选择是使用分析函数。大概是这样的：
样本数据：

SQL> with surgery (id, surgery_date, room_nm, service_nm, surgeon_nm) as
  2    (select 1, date '2022-08-07', 'room 1', 'orthopedics'  , 'johnson' from dual union all
  3     select 2, date '2022-08-11', 'room 4', 'cardiology'   , 'glen'    from dual union all
  4     select 3, date '2022-08-09', 'room 3', 'gynecology'   , 'martin'  from dual union all
  5     select 4, date '2022-08-07', 'room 1', 'anestesiology', null      from dual union all
  6     --
  7     select 5, date '2022-08-07', 'room 1', 'orthopedics'  , null      from dual union all
  8     select 6, date '2022-08-11', 'room 4', 'cardiology'   , null      from dual union all
  9     select 7, date '2022-08-09', 'room 3', 'gynecology'   , null      from dual
 10    )

查询方式：

11  select surgery_date, room_nm, service_nm,
 12    nvl(surgeon_nm,
 13        lag (surgeon_nm) ignore nulls over (partition by surgery_date, room_nm, service_nm
 14                                            order by id)) surgeon_nm
 15  from surgery
 16  order by id;

SURGERY_DA ROOM_N SERVICE_NM    SURGEON
---------- ------ ------------- -------
2022-08-07 room 1 orthopedics   johnson
2022-08-11 room 4 cardiology    glen
2022-08-09 room 3 gynecology    martin
2022-08-07 room 1 anestesiology
2022-08-07 room 1 orthopedics   johnson
2022-08-11 room 4 cardiology    glen
2022-08-09 room 3 gynecology    martin

7 rows selected.

SQL>