使用@Botje给出的建议（谢谢！），我再次尝试使用LoadLibraryA，这一次我设法使它工作：

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>
#include <jni.h>
#include <Windows.h>

JavaVM* jvm = nullptr;

std::string createVM(std::string location) {
    std::string jvmLocation = location;
    jvmLocation.append("ThirdParty\\Eclipse Adoptium\\jre-17.0.7.7-hotspot\\bin\\servers\\jvm.dll");
    HMODULE hJVMDLL = LoadLibraryA(jvmLocation.c_str());
    typedef jint(JNICALL* fpCJV)(JavaVM**, void**, void*);
    if (hJVMDLL != NULL) {
        fpCJV JNI_CreateJavaVM = (fpCJV)::GetProcAddress(hJVMDLL, "JNI_CreateJavaVM");
        location.insert(0, "-Djava.class.path=");
        location.append("Data\\Java");
        JavaVMInitArgs vm_args;
        JavaVMOption* options = new JavaVMOption[1];
        options[0].optionString = &location[0];
        vm_args.version = JNI_VERSION_10;
        vm_args.nOptions = 1;
        vm_args.options = options;
        vm_args.ignoreUnrecognized = false;
        JNIEnv* env = nullptr;
        jint rc = JNI_OK;
        if (jvm == nullptr) {
            rc = JNI_CreateJavaVM(&jvm, (void**)&env, &vm_args);
        }
        else {
            rc = jvm->AttachCurrentThread((void**)&env, NULL);
        }
        delete[] options;
        if (rc != JNI_OK) {
            if (rc == JNI_EVERSION)
                return "JNI_EVERSION";
            else if (rc == JNI_ENOMEM)
                return "JNI_ENOMEM";
            else if (rc == JNI_EINVAL)
                return "JNI_EINVAL";
            else if (rc == JNI_EEXIST)
                return "JNI_EEXIST";
            else
                return "JNI_FATALERROR";
        }
        return "JNI_CREATED";
    }
    else {
        return "ERROR_LOADING_DLL";
    }
}

//This is just a test for a function I have written in Java, which doesn't take any parameters, and returns a String
std::string createIdentification() {
    JNIEnv* env;
    jvm->AttachCurrentThread((void**)&env, NULL);
    jclass jClass = env->FindClass("JavaMethods");

    if (jClass == nullptr) {
        return "ClassNotFound cI";
    }
    else {
        jmethodID methodID = env->GetStaticMethodID(jClass, "createIdentification", "()Ljava/lang/String;");
        if (methodID == nullptr) {
            return "MethodNotFound cI";
        }
        else {
            jboolean isCopy;
            jstring jResult = (jstring)env->CallStaticObjectMethod(jClass, methodID);
            const char* string = env->GetStringUTFChars(jResult, &isCopy);
            std::string result = string;
            env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jResult, string);

            return result;
        }
    }
}

int main() {
    std::cout << createVM("D:\\Program Files\\MyApp\\").c_str() << std::endl;
    if (jvm != NULL) {
        std::cout << createIdentification().c_str();
    }

    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(2000));
    return 0;
}