最后，按照Jay McDoniel的建议，我使用了一个“捕捉一切”异常过滤器，成功地得到了我想要的结果。
不得不把那页上的几件事合并结合起来：

import { Catch, ArgumentsHost, HttpException, HttpStatus } from '@nestjs/common';
import { BaseExceptionFilter } from '@nestjs/core';
import { Response, Request } from 'express'; // note the casting to Express types

@Catch()
export class AllExceptionsFilter extends BaseExceptionFilter {
    catch(exception: unknown, host: ArgumentsHost) {

        const ctx = host.switchToHttp();
        const response = ctx.getResponse<Response>();
        const request = ctx.getRequest<Request>();
        const httpStatus =
            exception instanceof HttpException
                ? exception.getStatus()
                : HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;

        response.status(httpStatus);
        response.render(`views/errors/${httpStatus}`);
    }
}

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并在引导过程中添加以下内容：

const app = await NestFactory.create<NestExpressApplication>(AppModule);
  const { httpAdapter } = app.get(HttpAdapterHost);
  app.useGlobalFilters(new AllExceptionsFilter(httpAdapter));
  ...

型