我改变了几个想法：
1)我不使用根句柄（我将其设置为NULL）
2)我更改了您的FILE_RENAME_INFO内存分配代码
注意：在Windows 8中检查，在同一卷（磁盘）中移动文件

auto const& filepath = L"C:\\remove_tests\\file.txt";
auto const& destpath = L"C:\\remove_tests\\other.txt";
// unclear if that's the "root directory"
auto const& rootdir = L"C:\\remove_tests";
// handles will be leaked but that should be irrelevant here
auto const f_handle = CreateFile(filepath,
    GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE | DELETE,
      0,
    NULL,
    CREATE_ALWAYS,
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
    NULL);
if (f_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
    auto const err = GetLastError();
    std::cerr << "failed to create test file: " << err;
    return err;
}
/*auto const parent_dir_handle = CreateFile(rootdir,
    GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE | DELETE,
      FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
    NULL,
    OPEN_EXISTING,
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,
    NULL);
if (parent_dir_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
    auto const err = GetLastError();
    std::cerr << "failed to get handle to parent directory: " << err;
    return err;
}*/
 auto const destpath_bytes_withOUT_null = _tcslen(destpath);
// unclear if we need to subtract the one wchar_t of FileNameLength:
auto const struct_size = sizeof(FILE_RENAME_INFO) + (destpath_bytes_withOUT_null + 1) * sizeof(WCHAR);
FILE_RENAME_INFO* fri = (FILE_RENAME_INFO*)new BYTE[struct_size];
fri->ReplaceIfExists =  TRUE; // as described by Niall Douglas
fri->RootDirectory = NULL;//parent_dir_handle;
// with or without null terminator?
fri->FileNameLength = destpath_bytes_withOUT_null;// No include null
 _tcscpy_s(fri->FileName, destpath_bytes_withOUT_null + 1, destpath);
BOOL res = SetFileInformationByHandle(f_handle, FileRenameInfo,
                                      fri, struct_size);
 delete fri;
if (!res)
{
    auto const err = GetLastError();
    std::cerr << "failed to rename file: " << err;
    return err;
}
else
    std::cout << "success";

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包含FileRenameInfo和FILE_RENAME_INFO的SetFileInformationByHandle的文档包含一些错误。FILE_RENAME_INFO.FileNameLength必须设置为复制到FILE_RENAME_INFO.FileName的字符数（不包括终止零），FILE_RENAME_INFO.RootDirectory必须为null，即使将文件从一个目录移动到另一个目录。

#include <sdkddkver.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
int _tmain( int argc, _TCHAR* argv [] )
{
    wchar_t* filename = L"C:\\remove_tests\\file.txt";
    wchar_t* destFilename = L"C:\\remove_tests2\\other.txt";
    // handles will be leaked but that should be irrelevant here
    auto fileHandle = CreateFile( filename,
                                  GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE | DELETE,
                                FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
                                      NULL,
                                      OPEN_EXISTING,
                                      FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
                                      NULL );
    if ( fileHandle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE )
    {
        auto const err = GetLastError( );
        std::cerr << "failed to create test file: " << err;
        return err;
    }
    auto destFilenameLength = wcslen( destFilename );
    auto bufferSize = sizeof( FILE_RENAME_INFO ) + ( destFilenameLength*sizeof( wchar_t ));
    auto buffer = _alloca( bufferSize );
    memset( buffer, 0, bufferSize );
    auto const fri = reinterpret_cast<FILE_RENAME_INFO*>( buffer );
    fri->ReplaceIfExists = TRUE;
    fri->FileNameLength = destFilenameLength;
    wmemcpy( fri->FileName, destFilename, destFilenameLength );
    BOOL res = SetFileInformationByHandle( fileHandle, FileRenameInfo, fri, bufferSize );
    if ( !res )
    {
        auto const err = GetLastError( );
        std::cerr << "failed to rename file: " << err;
        return err;
    }
    else
        std::cout << "success";
}

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有点偏离了主要问题，但是为什么不尝试C++17filesystem库作为标准的可移植方式呢？你可以简单地使用**std::filesystem::rename，MSVC也支持。我没有提供一个例子，因为它本质上是上面第一个链接中cppreference**例子的副本。它有一个更简单直接的API。